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China
 
Legendary Empire
c. 2200 - 1800 BC         Kingdom of Xia
1800 - 1722 BC            Kingdom of Shang
1016 - 249 BC             Kingdom of Zhou
304 - 439 BC              Era of disunity, 16 Kingdoms period
475 - 207 BC              Chinese Empire unified under Kingdom of Qin
207 - 202                 Han-Chu contention, Era of the 18 Kingdoms
202 - 420                 Chinese Empire
420 - 589                 Divided in to Northern and Southern dynasties
907 - 979                 Era of the "5 dynasties and 10 kingdoms"
20 Mar 1270 - 20 Jan 1368 Yuan (Mongol) dynasty under Mongolian Empire
28 Jan 1368 - 25 Apr 1644 Great Ming Empire
01 Oct 1644 - 31 Dec 1911 Great Qing (Jing [Manchu]) Empire
14 Nov 1860               Russia annexes left bank of the Amur river
02 Jul 1895 - 25 Oct 1945 Taiwan annexed by Japan
   Nov 1897               Russia annexes Northwest Manchuria
       1899 - 07 Sep 1901 Boxer rebelion
10 Oct 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Xinhai Revolution
01 Jan 1912               Republic of China
12 Feb 1912               Abdication of the Emperor 
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Empire of China
22 Mar 1916               Republic of China (restored)
01 Jul      - 12 Jul 1917 Brief restoration of the Great Qing Empire
12 Jul 1917               Republic of China (re-restored)
01 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934 Sovet Republic of China declared in Kiangsi
07 Jul 1937 - 15 Aug 1945 Manchuria occupied by Japan
15 Aug 1945 -    May 1946 Manchuria under Soviet occupation
01 Oct 1949               People's Republic of China
20 Oct 1949               Urgystan (East Turkistan) re-incorporated into China
02 Dec 1949               Inner Mongolia re-integrated into China
07 Oct 1950               Tibet occupied by China, annexed 1951
01 Jul 1997               Re-integration of Hong Kong
20 Dec 1999               Re-integration Macao
 
 
Chinese Spelling
Q=CH, ZH=J, X=SH, C=Ts.

 
Chinese Empire
 
China, historical emblem (XIX century)         China, Qing Dynasty flag (1889) - vector image
Imperial emblem to 1911                  1890-1911, 1917 (1924)
 
 
ming (Personal name)
miaohao (Temple name)
shi (Posthumos name)
niaohao (Era name)
 
Government: Monarchy.
Capital: Peking.
Language: Guanhua Chinese, Manchu.
Religion: Confucianism, Taoism, Shamanism, Buddhism, Islam.
National Anthem: "Gong Jin'ou" ("Cup of Solid Gold") (1911).
National Day: Emperors Birthday, 07 February (1906).
National Emblem: Chinese Dragon.
Currency: Silver Tael.
 
Emperors
You Chao
Sui Ren
Three August Ones
Tai Hao Feng Fuxi The Ox-tamer
Yan Di Jiang Xen Nuwa
Huang Di Gongsun Xuan Yuan Yellow Emperor
Five Emperors
Ji Xao Hao Ji Tian
Di Ku Ji Goa Xin
Di Zhi Ji Goa Xin
Ji Tang Tao
Yao Yu Xun
Kingdom of Xia
2100-2055 Si Yu Di The Great
2055-2016 Si Qu
2016-1986 Si Tai Kang
1986-1977 Si Zhong Kong
1977-1970 Si Xiang
1970-???? Xao Kung
Zhu
Huai
Mang
Xie
Bu Zhiang
Zhiang
Jun
Gao
Fu
1801-1800 Jia
Kingdom of Xang
1800-1797 Tong
1797-1781 Wai Bong
Zhong Ren
Tai Jin
Wo Dong
Tai Gong
Xiao Zhin
Yong Zho
Tai Wu
Zhong Dong
Wai Ren
He Den Jin
Zo Yo
Wo Jin
Zo Dong
Nan Gong
Yang Jin
Pan Gong
Xiao Xan
Xiao Yu
Wo Dong
Zo Gong
1251-1250 Zu Zhin
1250-1191 Lon Xon
1191-1147 Gong Dong
1147-1112 Wu Yu
1112-1101 Tai Dong
1101-1076 Di Yo
1075-1046 Di Xan
Kingdom of Zhou
1046-1043 Ji Fa
          shi: Zhou Xiaowuwang
1043-1021 Ji Song
          shi: Zho Chengwang
1021-996 Ji Zhao
         shi: Zhou Kangwang
996-977 Ji Xia
        shi: Zhou Zhaowang
977-922 Ji Man
        shi: Zhou Muwang
922-900 Ji Yihu
        shi: Zhou Gongwang
900-892 Ji Jian
        shi: Zhou Yiwang I
892-885 Ji Pifang
        shi: Zhou Xiowang
885-878 Ji Xie
        shi: Zhou Yiwang II
877-841 Ji Li
        shi: Zhou Liwang
827-782 Ji Jang
        shi: Zhou Xuanwang
782-770 Ji Gongsheng
        shi: Zhou Youwang
770-720 Ji Yijiu
        shi: Zhou Pingwang
720-697 Ji Lin
        shi: Zhou Huanwang
697-681 Ji Tuo
        shi: Zhou Zhuanwang
681-676 Ji Huqi
        shi: Zhou Xiwang
676-652 Ji Xi
        shi: Zhou Huiwang I
652-619 Ji Lang
        shi: Zhou Xianwang
619-613 Ji Renchen
        shi: Zhou Qingwang
613-607 Ji Ban
        shi: Zhou Kuangwang
606-586 Ji Yu
        shi: Zhou Dingwang
586-572 Ji Yi
        shi: Zhou Jianwang
572-544 Ji Xiexin
        shi: Zhou Lingwang
544-521 Ji Gi
        shi: Zhou Jingwang I
521-519 Ji Meng
        shi: Zhou Daowang
519-476 Ji Gai
        shi: Zhou Jingwang II
476-469 Ji Ren
        shi: Zhou Yuanwang
469-441 Ji Jie
        shi: Zhou Zhendingwang
441     Ji Quji
        shi: Zhou Aiwang
441     Ji Shu
        shi: Zhou Siwang
440-426 Ji Wei
        shi: Zhou Kaowang
426-402 Ji Wu
        shi: Zhou Weiliewang
402-376 Ji Jiao
        shi: Zhou Anwang
376-369 Ji Xi
        shi: Zhou Liewang
369-321 Ji Bian
        shi: Zhou Xianwang
321-315 Ji Ding
        shi: Zhou Shenjingwang
315-256 Ji Yan
        shi: Zhou Nanwang
256-249 Ji Jie
        shi: Zhou Huiwang II
Kingdom of Qin, Qin Dynasty
       302 -        250 Ying Ze
                        shi: Zhaoxiang
       250 -        249 Ying Zhu
                        shi: Xiaowen
       249 -        247 Ying Zichu
                        shi: Zhuangxiang
07 May 247 - 10 Sep 210 Ying Zheng
                        shi: Qin Shihuangdi (The First Emperor)
10 Sep 210 -    Oct 207 Ying Huhai
                        shi: Er Shi Huangdi
       Oct -    Dec 207 Ying Ziying
Chu Dynasty
   Dec 207 -    Jan 205 Min Xin
                        shi: Yi / nianhao: Huai Il
Western Han Dyansty
28 Feb 202 - 01 Jun 195 Liu Bang
                        shi: Gaozu
01 Jun 195 -    Oct 188 Liu Ying
                        shi: Xiaohui
   Oct 188 -        184 Liu Gong
                        shi: Qiansho
       184 -    Oct 180 Liu Hong
                        shi: Houshaodi
   Oct 180 -    Jul 157 Liu Heng
                        miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Xiaowen
                        nianhao: Houyuan
   Jul 157 - 09 Mar 141 Liu Qi
                        miaohao: ? / shi: Jingdi
                        nianhao: Qianyuan
09 Mar 141 - 29 Mar 87 Liu Che
                       miaohao: Shizong / shi: Wudi
                       nianhao: 12 in total
30 Mar 87 - 74        Liu Fuling
                      miaohao: ? / shi: Zhaodi
                      nianhao: Yuanping
74 - 49               Liu Bingyi
                      miaohao: Zhongzhong/ shi: Xuan
                      nianhao: 8 in total
49 - 33               Liu Yi
                      miaohao: ? / shi: Xiaoyuan
                      nianhao: Yongguang
33 - 07               Liu Ao
                      miaohao: ? / shi: Xiaocheng
                      nianhao: 7 in total
07 - 00               Liu Xin
                      miaohao: ? / shi: Xiaoai
                      nianhao: Jianping
00 - 05               Liu Kan
                      miaohao: ? / shi: Xiaoping
                      nianhao: Yuanshi
       05  -  Jan 09 Liu Ying
                      miaohao: ? / shi: Ruzi
                      nianhao: Jushe
Xin Dynasty
      09 - 06 Oct 23 Wang Mang
                     nianhao: Shijianguo 9-13, Tianfeng 14-19, Dihuang 20-23
Easten Han Dynasty
07 Oct 23 - 24 Aug 25 Liu Xuan
                      miaohao: ?/ shi:
                      nianhao: Gengshi
25 Aug 25 - 29 Mar 57 Liu Xiu
                      miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Guangwu
                      nianhao: Jianwu
30 Mar 57 - 75        Liu Yang
                      miaohao: Xianzong/ shi: Ming Di
                      nianhao: Yongping
75 - 88               Liu Da
                      miaohao: Suzong/ shi: Xiaozhang
                      nianhao: 3 in total
       88 -    Aug 105 Liu Zhao
                       miaohao: Muzong/ shi: Xiaohe
                       nianhao: Yongyuan
   Aug 105 -    Sep 106 Liu Long
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaoshang
                        nianhao: Yanping
   Sep 106 - 125        Liu Hu
                        miaohao: Gongzong/ shi: Xiaoan
                        nianhao: 5 in total
125                     Liu Yi (Marquess of Beixiang)
                        nianhao: Yanguang
125 - 145               Liu Bao
                        miaohao: Jingzong/ shi: Xiaoshun
                        nianhao: 5 in total
145 - 146               Liu Bing
                        shi: Xiaochong/ nianhao: Yongxi
146 - 147               Liu Zuan
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaozhi
                        nianhao: Benchu
147 - 168               Liu Zhi
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaohuan
                        nianhao: 7 in total
       168 - 13 May 189 Liu Hong
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaoling
                        nianhao: 4 in total
15 May     - 28 Sep 189 Liu Bian
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: Hongnong
                        nianhao: Zhaoning
28 Sep 190 - 10 Dec 220 Liu Xie
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaoxian
                        nianhao: 5 in total
Kingdom of Han
       221 - 10 Jun 223 Liu Bei
                        miaohao: Xuande/ shi: Zhaolie
                        nianhao: Zhangwu
22 Jun 223 - 263        Liu Shan
                        miaohao: Gongsi/ shi: Xiaohuai
                        nianhao:4 in total
Kingdom of Wei
10 Dec 220 - 29 Jun 226 Cao Pi
                        miaohao: Gaozu/ shi: Wen Di
                        nianhao: Huangchu
30 Jun 226 - 22 Jan 239 Cao Rui
                        miaohao: Liezu/ shi: Ming Di
                        nianhao: 3 in total
23 Jan 239 - 254        Cao Fang
                        miaohao: Lanqing/ shi: Qi Wang
                        nianhao: Zhengshi 240-49, Jiaping 249-54
254 - 260               Cao Mao
                        miaohao: Yanshi/ shi: Gaoguixiang Gong
                        nianhao: Zhengyuan 254-56, Ganlu 256-60
260 - 265               Cao Huan
                        miaohao: Jingming/ shi: Yuan Di
                        nianhao: Jingyuan 260-64, Xianxi 264-65
Kingdom of Wu
222 - 252               Sun Quan
                        miaohao: Zhongmou/ shi: Dongwudadi
                        nianhao: 6 in total
252 - 258               Sun Liang
                        miaohao: Fei Di/ shi: Kuaiji Wang
                        nianhao: 3 in total
       258 - 03 Sep 264 Sun Xia
                        miaohao: Zilie/ shi: Jing Di
                        nianhao: Yongan
04 Sep 264 -    Mar 280 Sun Hao
                        miaohao: Yuanzong/ shi:None
                        nianhao: 8 in total
Jin Dynasty
- Western Jin -
08 Feb 266 - 17 May 290 Sima Yan I
                        miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Wu
                        nianhao:4 in total
17 May 290 - 08 Jan 307 Sima Lun
                        miaohao: Hui Di/ shi: Xiaohui
                        nianhao: 11 in total
08 Jan 307 -    Aug 311 Sima Chi
                        miaohao: Huai Di/ shi: Xiaohuai
                        nianhao: Yongjia
   Aug 311 -    Oct 316 Sima Ye
                        miaohao: Min Di/ shi: Xiaomin
                        nianhao: Jianxing
- Eastern Jin -
   Feb 317 - 03 Jan 323 Sima Rui
                        miaohao: Zhongzong/ shi: Yuan
                        nianhao: Jianwu 317-18, Taixing 318-21, Yongchang 322-23
03 Jan 323 - 18 Oct 325 Sima Shao
                        miaohao: Suzu/ shi: Ming
                        nianhao: Taining
19 Oct 325 - 26 Jul 342 Sima Yan II
                        miaohao: Xianzong/ shi: Cheng
                        nianhao: Xianhe 326-34, Xiankang 335-42
27 Jul 342 - 17 Nov 344 Sima Yue
                        shi: Kang Di/ nianhao: Jianyuan
18 Nov 344 - 10 Jul 361 Sima Dan
                        miaohao: Xianzong/ shi: Mu Di
                        nianhao: Yonghe 345-57, Shengping, 357-61
11 Jul 361 - 30 Mar 365 Sima Pi
                        shi: Ai Di
                        nianhao: Longhe 362-63. Xingning 363-35
31 Mar 365 - 06 Jan 372 Sima Yi
                        miaohao: Fei Di/ shi: ?
                        nianhao: Taihe
07 Jan     - 12 Sep 372 Sima Yu
                        miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Jianwen
                        nianhao: Xianan
13 Sep 372 - 05 Nov 396 Sima Yao
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaowu
                        nianhao: Ningkang 372-76, Taiyuan 376-96
06 Nov 396 - 28 Jan 419 Sima Dezong
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: An Di
                        nianhao: Longan 397-401, Yuanxing 402-04, Yixi 404-19
30 Jan 419 - 10 Jul 420 Sima Dewen
                        miaohao: ?/ shi: Gong Di
                        nianhao: Yuanxi
Liu Song Dynasty
   Oct 420 -    Jun 422 Liu Yu I
                        miaohao: Gaozu/ shi: Wu
                        nianhao: Yongchu
   Jul 422 - 424        Liu Yifu
                        shi: Shao/ nianhao: Jingping
       424 -    Feb 453 Liu Yilong
                        miaohao: Taizu/ shi: Jing
                        nianhao: Taichu
453                     Liu Shao
                        shi: Yuanxiong/ nianhao: Taichu
453 - 464               Hsiao Liu Jun
                        miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Xiaowu
                        nianhao: Xiaojian
12 Jul 464 - 01 Jan 466 Liu Ziye
                        shi: Qian Fei/ nianhao: Yongguang
01 Jan 466 -    Aug 472 Liu Yu II
                        miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Ming
                        nianhao: Taishi
  Aug 472 -     Aug 477 Liu Yu III
                        shi: Hou Fei/ nianhao: Yuanhui
  Aug 477 - 479         Liu Zhun
                        shi: Shun /nianhao: Shengming
Southern Qi Dynasty
479 - 482               Xiao Daocheng
                        miaohao: Gaozu / shi: Gao
                        nianhao: Jianyuan
482 - 493               Xiao Ze
                        miaohao: Shizu / shi: Wu
                        nianhao: Yongming
493 - 494               Xiao Zhaoye
                        miaohao:None / shi: Yulin
                        nianhao: Longchang
494                     Xiao Zhaowen
                        miaohao:None / shi: Gong
                        nianhao: Yanxing
494 - 498               Xiao Luan
                        miaohao: Gaozong/ shi: Ming
                        nianhao: Jianwu
499 - 501               Xiao Baojuan
                        miaohao: Zhizang / shi: Dong Hun 
                        nianhao: Yongyuan
501 - 502               Xiao Baorong
                        miaohao: Zhizhao / shi: He Di
                        nianhao: Zhongxing
Liang Dynasty
       502 -    Aug 549 Xiao Yan
                        miaohao: Gaozu/ shi: Wu Di
                        nianhao: 7 in total
   Aug 549 - 551        Xiao Gang
                        miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Jianwen Di
                        nianhao: Dabao
551 - 552               Xai-Dong
                        shi: Yu Zhang Wang/nianhao: Tianzheng
13 Dec 552 - 07 Jan 555 Xiao Yi
                        miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Xai Yuan
                        nianhao: Chengsheng
07 Jan     - 31 Oct 555 Xai Yuanming
                        miaohao: Zhenyang Hou/ shi: Yuan Di Min
                        nianhao: Tianchen
01 Nov 555 - 16 Nov 557 Xiao Fangzhi
                        shi: Jing Di/nianhao: Taiping
Northern Qi Dynasty
09 Nov 550 - 25 Nov 559 Gao Yang
                        miaohao: Xianzu/ shi: Wenshuan
                        niaohao: Tianbao
04 Dec 559 - 08 Sep 560 Gao Yin
                        miaohao:      / shi: Fei
                        niaohao: Qianming
09 Sep 560 - 561        Gao Yan
                        miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Xiaozhao
                        niaohao: Taining 561-62, Heqing 562-65
561 - 565               Gao Dan
                        miaohao: Suzong/ shi: Wucheng
                        niaohao: Huangjian
08 Jun 565 - 04 Feb 577 Gao Wei
                        miaohao: Houzhu/ shi: Rengang
                        niaohao: Tiantong 565-70, Wuping 570-76, Longhua 576-77
04 Feb     -    Dec 577 Gao Heng
                        miaohao: Youzhu niaohao: Chengguan
Southern Chen Dynasty
   Dec 557 -    Jul 559 Chen Baxian
                        miaohao: Gaozu/ shi: Wu Di
                        nianhao: Yongding
   Jul 559 -    Jun 566 Chen Qian
                        miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Wen
                        nianhao: Tianjia
   Jun 566 -    Dec 568 Chen Bozong
                        shi: Fei Di/nianhao: Guangda
   Jan 569 -    Mar 582 Chen Xu
                        miaohao: Gaozong/ shi: Xuan Di
                        nianhao: Tiajian
20 Feb 582 - 10 Feb 589 Chen Shubao
                        miaohao: Houzhu/ shi: Yang
                        nianhao: Zhenming
Sui Dynasty
04 Mar 581 - 13 Aug 604 Yang Jian
                        miaohao: Gaozu/shi: Wen Di
                        nianhao: Kaihuang
21 Aug 604 - 11 Apr 618 Yang Guang (Duke of Xi)
                        miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Yang Di
                        nianhao: Daye
18 Dec 617 - 12 Jun 618 Yang You
                        shi: Yang Di/nianhao: Daye
22 Jun 618 - 23 May 619 Yang Tong
                        shi: Gong/nianhao: Huangtai
                        (Emperor in rebellion, Duke of Lu)
Tang Dynasty
18 Jun 618 - 04 Sep 626 Li Yuan
                        miaohao: Gaozu/ shi: Shenyao
                        nianhao: Wude
04 Sep 626 - 10 Jul 649 Li Shimin
                        miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Wen Huangdi
                        nianhao: Zhenguan
15 Jul 649 - 27 Dec 683 Li Zhinu
                        miaohao: Gaozong/ shi: Tianhuang
                        nianhao:15 in total
03 Jan     - 26 Feb 684 Li Xian (1st Time)
                        miaohao: Zhongzong/ shi: Xiaohe
                        nianhao: Sisheng
27 Feb 684 - 08 Oct 690 Li Dan (1st Time)
                        miaohao: Ruizong/ shi: Shengzhen
                        nianhao: 5 in total
Zhou Dynasty
18 Oct 690 - 22 Feb 705 Empress Wu Zhao
                        miaohao: Wu Ze Tian/ shi: Zetian
                        nianhao: 12 in total
Tang Dynasty
23 Feb 705 - 03 Jul 710 Li Xian (2nd Time)
                        nianhao: Shenlong 705-07, Jinglong 707-10
08 Jul     - 23 Jul 710 Li Chongmao
                        miaohao: Shang Di/ shi: Shang
                        nianhao: Tanglong
24 Jul 710 - 31 Aug 712 Li Dan (2nd Time)
                        nianhao: Jingyun
08 Sep 712 - 13 Aug 756 Li Longji
                        miaohao: Wuanzong/ shi: Ming
                        nianhao: Xiantian 712-13, Kaiyuan 713-41, Tianbao 742-56
13 Aug 756 - 16 May 762 Li Heng
                        miaohao: Suzong/ shi: Wenming
                        nianhao: 4 in total
18 May 762 - 23 May 779 Li Yu
                        miaohao: Daizong/ shi: Ruiwen Xiaowu
                        nianhao: Guangdi 763-64, Yontai 765-66, Dali 766-79
12 Jun 779 - 25 Feb 805 Li Gua
                        miaohao: Dezong/ shi: Shenwu Xiaowen
                        nianhao: Jianzhong 780-83, Xingyuan 784, Zhengyuan 785-805
28 Feb     - 31 Aug 805 Li Song
                        miaohao: Shunzong/ shi: Zhide
                        nianhao: Shunzong
05 Sep 805 - 14 Feb 820 Li Chun
                        miaohao: Xianzong/ shi: Zhangwu
                        nianhao: Yuanhe
20 Feb 820 - 25 Feb 824 Li Heng
                        miaohao: Muzong/ shi: Ruisheng Wenhui Xiao 
                        nianhao: Changqing
29 Feb 824 - 09 Jan 827 Li Zhan
                        miaohao: Jingzong/ shi: Zhaomin
                        nianhao: Baoli
13 Jan 827 - 10 Feb 840 Li Ang
                        miaohao: Wenzong/ shi: Zhaoxian
                        nianhao: Dahe
20 Feb 840 - 22 Apr 846 Li Yan
                        miaohao: Wuzong/ shi: Zedao Zhaosui Xiao
                        nianhao: Huichang
25 Apr 846 - 07 Sep 859 Li Chen
                        miaohao: Wuanzong/ shi: Never used in short form
                        nianhao: Daizhong
13 Sep 859 - 15 Aug 873 Li Cui
                        miaohao: Yi Zong/nianhao: Xiantong
16 Aug 873 - 20 Apr 888 Li Xuan
                        miaohao: Xi Zong/nianhao: Xiantong
20 Apr 888 - 22 Sep 904 Li Ye
                        miaohao: Zhaozong/nianhao: Tanyou
26 Sep 904 - 12 May 907 Li Zhu
                        miaohao: Ai Di/nianhao: Longji
Liang Dynasty
01 Jun 907 - 18 Jul 912 Zhu Wen
                        miaohao: Taizu/ shi: Xianwu
                        nianhao: Kaiping
21 Jul 912 - 27 Mar 913 Zhu Youngui
                        nianhao: Qianghua
28 Mar 913 - 18 Nov 923 Zhu Zhen
                        shi: Modi/nianhao: Zhenming
Later Tang Dynasty
13 May 923 - 25 May 926 Li Cunxu
                        miaohao: Zhunag Zong/ shi:Never used in short form
                        nianhao: Tongguang
03 Jun 926 - 15 Dec 933 Li Siyuan
                        miaohao: Ming Zong/ shi:Never used in short form
                        nianhao: Changxing
17 Dec 933 - 20 May 934 Li Conghou
                        shi: Min Di/nianhao: Yingshun
21 May 934 - 11 Jan 937 Li Congke
                        shi: Mo Di/nianhao: Qingtai
Later Jin Dynasty
28 Nov 936 - 28 Jul 942 Shi Jingtang
                        miaohao: Gao Zu I/ shi:Never used in short form
                        nianhao: Tainfu
942 - 947               Shi Chonggui
                        shi: Chu Di/nianhao: Kaiyun
Later Han Dynasty
10 Mar 947 - 10 Mar 948 Liu Zhiyuan
                        miaohao: Gao Zu II/ shi:Never used in short form
                        nianhao: Qianyou
14 Mar 948 - 02 Jan 951 Liu Chengyou
                        shi: Yin Di/nianhao: Qianyou
Zhou Dynasty
13 Feb 951 - 22 Feb 954 Guo Wei
                        miaohao: Tai Zu/nianhao: Xiande
26 Feb 954 - 27 Jul 959 Chai Rong
                        miaohao: Shi Zong/ shi:Never used in short form
                        nianhao: Xiande
27 Jul 959 - 03 Feb 960 Chai Zongxun
                        shi: Gong Di/nianhao: Xiande
Song Dynasty
04 Feb 960 - 14 Nov 976 Zhao Kuangyin
                        miaohao: Taizu/ shi:Never used in short form
                        nianhao: Jianlong, Qiande, Kaibao
15 Nov 976 - 08 May 997 Zhao Kuangyi
                        miaohao: Taizong/ shi:Never used in short form
                        nianhao: Taipingxingguo
23 Dec 997 - 23 Mar 1022 Zhao Heng
                         miaohao: Zhenzong/ shi:Never used in short form
                         nianhao: Xianping
24 Mar 1022 - 30 Apr 1063 Zhao Zhen
                          miaohao: Renzong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Tiansheng 1023-1032, Jiayou 1056-63
02 May 1063 - 25 Jan 1067 Zhao Shu
                          miaohao: Yingzong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Zhiping
26 Jan 1067 - 01 Apr 1085 Zhao Xu I
                          miaohao: Shenzong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Xining 1068-77, Yuanfeng 1078-85
02 Apr 1085 - 23 Feb 1100 Zhao Xu II
                          miaohao: Zhezong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Yuanyou 1086-1094, Yuanfu 1098-1100
24 Feb 1100 - 18 Jan 1126 Zhao Ji
                          miaohao: Huizong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Jianzhongjingguo 1101-02, Xuanhe 1119-25
19 Jan 1126 - 09 Jan 1127 Zhao Huan
                          miaohao: Qinzong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Jingkong
- Western Xia Dynasty -
10 Nov 1038 - 19 Jan 1048 Li Yuanhao
                          miaohao: Jingzong/ shi: Wuliedi
                          nianhao: Tianshoulifayanzuo
1047 - 1067               Li Liangzuo
                          miaohao: Yizong/ shi: Zhaoyingdi
                          nianhao: Gonghua
1067 - 1086               Li Bingchang
                          miaohao: Huizong/ shi: Kangjingdi
                          nianhao: Tiananliding
1086 - 1139               Li Qianshun
                          miaohao: Chongzong/ shi: Shengwendi
                          nianhao: Dade
1139 - 1193               Li Renxiao
                          miaohao: Renzong/ shi: Shengzhendi
                          nianhao: Qianyou
1193 - 1206               Li Chunyou
                          miaohao: Huanzong/ shi: Zhaojianji
                          nianhao: Tianqing
       1206 - 05 Aug 1211 Li Anquan
                          miaohao: Xiangzong/ shi: Jingwudi
                          nianhao: Huangjian
12 Aug 1211 - 1223               Li Zunxu
                          miaohao: Shenzong/ shi: Yingwendi
                          nianhao: Guangding
1223 - 1226               Li Dewang
                          miaohao: Xianzong/nianhao: Qianding
1226 - 1227               Li Xian
                          miaohao: Mozhu/nianhao: Baoyi
Northern Jin Dynasty
28 Jan 1115 - 19 Sep 1123 Wanyan Aguda
                          miaohao: Taizu/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Tianfu
27 Sep 1123 - 09 Feb 1134 Wanyan Sheng
                          miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Tianhui
10 Feb 1134 - 09 Jan 1150 Wanyan Hela
                          miaohao: Xizong shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Huangtong 1141-1149
09 Jan 1150 - 15 Dec 1161 Wanyan Digunai
                          shi: Hailingwang
                          nianhao: Zhenglong 1156-61
27 Oct 1161 - 20 Jan 1189 Wanyan Wulu
                          miaohao: Shizong shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Dading
20 Jan 1190 - 29 Dec 1208 Wanyan Jing
                          miaohao: Zhangzong shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Mingchang 1190-96, Cheng'an 1196-99, Taihe 1200-08
29 Dec 1208 - 11 Sep 1213 Wanyan Yongji
                          shi: Weishaowang
                          nianhao: Chongqing
22 Sep 1213 - 14 Jan 1224 Wanyan Xun
                          miaohao: Xuanzong shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Yuanguang
15 Jan 1224 - 08 Feb 1234 Wanyan Shouxu
                          miaohao: Aizong shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Tianxing 1232-34
09 Feb 1234               Wanyan Chenglin
                          shi: Modi
Southern Song Dynasty
12 Jun 1127 - 24 Jul 1162 Zhao Gou
                          miaohao: Gaozong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Jianyan 1127-30, Shaoxing 1131-62
24 Jul 1162 - 18 Feb 1189 Zhao Shen
                          miaohao: Xiaozong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Longxing 1163-64, Chunxi 1174-89
18 Feb 1189 - 05 Jul 1194 Zhao Dun
                          miaohao: Guangzong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Shaoxi
24 Jul 1194 - 17 Sep 1224 Zhao Kuo
                          miaohao: Ningzong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Qingyuan 1194-99, Jiading 1208-24
17 Sep 1224 - 16 Nov 1264 Zhao Yun
                          miaohao: Lizong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Baoqing 1225-27, Jingding 1260-64
16 Nov 1264 - 12 Aug 1274 Zhao Qi
                          miaohao: Duzong/ shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Xianchun
12 Aug 1274 - 04 Feb 1276 Zhao Xian
                          miaohao: Gongzong/ shi: Gongdi
                          nianhao: Deyou
14 Jun 1276 - 08 May 1278 Zhao Shi
                          miaohao: Duan Zong / shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Jingyan
09 May 1278 - 19 Mar 1279 Zhao Bing
                          shi: Weiwang
                          nianhao: Xiangxing
Dai Ön Ulus Yüan (Birjigin) Dynasty
20 Mar 1279 - 18 Feb 1294 Khubilai Khan
                          miaohao: Shizu / shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Zhiyuan
18 Feb 1294 - 02 Feb 1307 Temür Öljeytü Khan
                          miaohao: Chengzong / shi: Qin Ming Guang Xiao Huangdi
                          nianhao: Yuanzhen
02 Feb 1307 - 27 Jan 1311 Külüg qayan
                          miaohao: Wuzong / shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Zhida
07 Apr 1311 - 01 Mar 1320 Ayurbarwada Buyantu
                          miaohao: Renzong / shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Huangqing 1312-13, Yanyou 1314-20
19 Apr 1320 - 04 Sep 1323 Shidibala Geegen
                          miaohao: Yingzong / shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Zhizhi
04 Oct 1323 - 15 Aug 1328 Yesün Temür
                          miaohao: Jinzong / shi: Taiding Di
                          nianhao: Taiding
15 Aug      - 14 Nov 1328 Arigabag
                          shi: Tianshun Di/nianhao: Tianshun
16 Oct 1328 - 27 Feb 1329 Jijaghatu Toq-Temür (1st Time)
                          miaohao: Wenzong / shi: Shengming Yuan Xiao Huangdi
                          nianhao: Tianli 1328-29, Zhishun 1329-32
27 Feb      - 30 Aug 1329 Qutuytu qayan
                          miaohao: Mingzong / shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Tienli
08 Sep 1329 - 02 Sep 1332 Jijaghatu Toq-Temür (2nd Time) 
                          nianhao: Zhishun
02 Sep      - 14 Dec 1332 Irinchinbal Khan
                          miaohao: Ningzong / shi: Never used in short form
                          nianhao: Zhinshun
19 Jul 1333 - 20 Jan 1368 Toghan-Temür
                          miaohao: Huizong / shi: Shundi
                          nianhao: Yuantong 1333-35, Zhiyuan 1335-40, Zhizheng 1340-68
Ming Dynasty
28 Jan 1368 - 24 Jun 1398 Zhu Yuanzhang
                          miaohao: Gaodi/ shi: Taizu
                          nianhao: Hongwu
30 Jun 1398 - 13 Jul 1402 Zhu Yunwen
                          miaohao: Huidi/ shi:
                          nianhao: Jianwen
17 Jul 1402 - 12 Aug 1424 Zhu Di
                          miaohao: Wendi/ shi: Chengzu
                          nianhao: Yongle
07 Sep 1424 - 29 May 1425 Zhu Gaochi
                          miaohao: Zhaodi/ shi: Renzong
                          nianhao: Hongxi
27 Jun 1425 - 31 Jan 1435 Zhu Zhanji
                          miaohao: Zhangdi/ shi: Xuanzong
                          nianhao: Xuande
07 Feb 1435 - 01 Sep 1449 Zhu Qizhen (1st Time)
                          miaohao: Ruidi/ shi: Yingzong
                          nianhao: Zhengtong
22 Sep 1449 - 11 Feb 1457 Zhu Qiyu
                          miaohao: Jingdi/ shi: Daizong
                          nianhao: Jingtai
11 Feb 1457 - 23 Feb 1464 Zhu Qizhen (2nd Time)
                          nianhao: Tianshun
28 Feb 1464 - 09 Sep 1487 Zhu Jianshen
                          miaohao: Chundi/ shi: Xianzong
                          nianhao: Chenghua
22 Sep 1487 - 08 Jun 1505 Zhu Youtang
                          miaohao: Jingdi/ shi: Xiaozong
                          nianhao: Hongzhi
19 Jun 1505 - 20 Apr 1521 Zhu Houzhao
                          miaohao: Yidi/ shi: Wuzong
                          nianhao: Zhengde
27 May 1521 - 23 Jan 1567 Zhu Houcong
                          miaohao: Sudi/ shi: Shizong 
                          nianhao: Jiajing 
04 Feb 1567 - 05 Jul 1572 Zhu Zhaihou
                          miaohao: Zhuangdi/ shi: Muzong
                          nianhao: Longqing 
19 Jul 1572 - 18 Aug 1620 Zhu Yijun
                          miaohao: Xiandi/ shi: Shenzong
                          nianhao: Wanli 
28 Aug      - 26 Sep 1620 Zhu Changlu
                          miaohao: Shih Tsu/ shi: Guangzong
                          nianhao: Tiachang 
01 Oct 1620 - 30 Sep 1627 Zhu Youjiao
                          miaohao: Shih Tsu/ shi: Zhang huangdi
                          nianhao: Shun Chih
02 Oct 1627 - 25 Apr 1644 Zhu Youjian
                          miaohao: Zhuangliemin/ shi: Sizong
                          nianhao: Chongzhen
- Southern Ming Dynasty -
   Apr 1644 -    Jun 1645 Zhu Yousong
                          miaohao: Anzong/nianhao: Hongguang
   Aug 1645 - 06 Oct 1646 Zhu Yujian
                          miaohao: Shaozong/nianhao: Longwu
1645                      Prince Zhu Changfang
                          (Regent)
1645 - 1653               Prince Zhu Yihai
                          (Regent)
18 Nov 1646 -    Apr 1662 Zhu Youlang
                          miaohao: Zhaozong/nianhao: Yongli
   Dec 1646 -    Jan 1647 Zhu Yuyue
                          nianhao: Shaowu
Shun Dynasty
   Apr      - 05 Jun 1644 Li Zicheng
                          nianhao: Chuang Wang
Qing (Aisin-Gioro) Dynasty
01 Oct 1644 - 05 Feb 1661 Fulin ................................... 1638-1661
                          miaohao: Shih Tsu/ shi: Zhang huangdi
                          nianhao: Shunzhi
07 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722 Xuanye .................................. 1654-1722
                          miaohao: Sheng Tsu/ shi: Ren huangdi
                          nianhao: Kangxi
27 Dec 1722 - 08 Oct 1735 Yinzhen ................................. 1678-1735
                          miaohao: Shi Tsung/ shi: Xian huangdi
                          nianhao: Yongzhen
18 Oct 1735 - 09 Feb 1796 Hongli .................................. 1711-1796
                          miaohao: Kao Tsung/ shi: Chun huangdi
                          nianhao: Qianlong
09 Feb 1796 - 02 Sep 1820 Yongyan ................................. 1760-1820
                          miaohao: Jen Tsung/ shi: Rui huangdi
                          nianhao: Jiaqing
03 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850 Minning ................................. 1782-1850
                          miaohao: Xuanzong/ shi: Cheng huangdi
                          nianhao: Daoguang
09 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861 Yizhu ................................... 1831-1861
                          miaohao: Wenzong/ shi: Xian huangdi
                          nianhao: Xianfeng
22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Regents
                        - Empress Dowager Cixi .................... 1835-1908
                         (1st Time)
                        - Empress Dowager Ci'an ................... 1837-1881
                        - Prince Kong
11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Zaichun ................................. 1856-1875
                          miaohao: Muzong/ shi: Yi hiangdi
                          nianhao: Tongzhi
12 Jan 1875 - 04 Mar 1889 Empress Dowager Cixi
                          (Regent, 2nd Time)
14 Nov 1875 - 14 Nov 1908 Zaitian ................................. 1871-1908
                          miaohao: Dezong/ shi: Jing huangdi
                          nianhao: Guangxu
21 Aug 1900 - 15 Nov 1908 Empress Dowager Cixi
                          (Regent (de facto), 3rd Time)
15 Nov 1908 - 31 Dec 1911 Prince Chun ............................. 1882-1951
                          (Regent)
02 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912 Puyi .................................... 1906-1967
                          miaohao: Gongzong/ shi: Mindi
                          nianhao: Xuangtong (1st Time)
01 Jan 1909 - 12 Feb 1912 Empress Longyu Xiaoding ................. 1868-1913
                          (holder of the Imperial seal, acting)
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Yuan Shikai ............................. 1859-1916
                          nianhao: Hongxian
                          (Non-dynastic Emperor)
01 Jul      - 12 Jul 1917 Puyi (2nd Time)
                          (Emperor within the Forbidden City to 1924)
 
Premiers (serving jointly)
06 Jan 1900 - 21 Jun 1907 Wang Wenshao ............................ 1830-1908
31 Jan 1902 - 18 Sep 1909 Sun Jianai .............................. 1827-1909
   Oct 1903 - 16 Oct 1904 Jiangxin
09 Nov 1905 - 28 Oct 1906 Yüde
10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911 Shi Xu
10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911 Natong .................................. 1852-1911
10 Aug 1907 - 18 Sep 1909 Zhang Zhidong ........................... 1856-1925
06 Nov 1909 - 01 Sep 1910 Lu Zhidong .............................. 1837-1909
01 Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911 Lu Runyang
01 Sep 1910 - 30 Oct 1911 Xu Shichang
08 May      - 01 Nov 1911 Yukiang, Prince Qing .................... 1836-1918
01 Nov      - 31 Dec 1911 Yuan Shi-kai ............................ (s.a)
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Lu Zhengxiang ........................... 1871-1949
01 Jul      - 12 Jul 1917 Duke Zhang Xun .......................... 1854-1923
______________________________________________________________________________
 
 
Taiping
 
    Royal seal
 
11 Jan 1851               Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace)
25 Oct 1864               Kingdom extinguished
   Aug 1871               Rebellion finally extinguished
 
Heavenly Kings
11 Jan 1851 - 01 Jun 1864 Hong Xiuquan ............................ 1814-1864
                          nianhao: Yuannian
01 Jun      - 25 Oct 1864 Hong Tianguifu .......................... 1848-1864
______________________________________________________________________________
 
 
Shengping
 
09 Oct 1854               Shengping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Ascending Peace)
24 Jul 1858               Kingdom extinguished
 
Heavenly Kings
09 Oct 1854 -    Oct 1855 Hu Zoulo
   Oct 1855 - 24 Jul 1858 Zhu Hongying
______________________________________________________________________________
 
 
Cheng
 
27 Sep 1855               Great Cheng realm inaugurated
21 Aug 1861               Kingdom extinguished
 
Kings
27 Sep 1855 - 21 Aug 1861 Chen Kai ................................ 1822-1861
                          nianhao: Ping Xun Wang
27 Sep 1855 - 1858        Li Wenmao

 
Republic of China
 
File:Beiyang star.svg       Taiwan, state emblem
            1912-1913                      1913-1928            Adopted 1928
 
10 Oct 1911               Republican revolution
01 Jan 1912               Republic of China
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Great Empire of China
01 Jul      - 12 Jul 1917 Brief restoration of Qing Empire
12 Jul 1917 - 02 Jun 1928 Warlord era
08 Dec 1949 -             Defeated Nationalist government establishes itself in Taiwan
   
Military Governor
30 Nov      - 31 Dec 1911 Li Yuanhung ............................ 1864-1928
Presidents
29 Dec 1911 - 10 Mar 1912 Sun Yat Sen ............................ 1866-1925
                          (provisional)
10 Mar 1912 - 06 Jun 1916 Yuan Shi-Kai ........................... (s.a)
                          (1st Time, provisional to 10 Oct 1913,
                           Emperor 22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916)
06 Jun 1916 - 01 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong ............................ (s.a)
 
- Warlord China -
 
Presidents
17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918 Duke Feng Guozhang ..................... 1859-1919
10 Oct 1918 - 02 Jun 1922 Xu Xichiang ............................ 1855-1939
02 Jun      - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi .............................. 1871-1923
                          (acting)
11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923 Li Yuanhong
13 Jun      - 09 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng ......................... 1879-1928
09 Jun      - 10 Oct 1923 Gao Lingwei ............................ 1868-1943
10 Oct 1923 - 02 Nov 1924 Cao Kun ................................ 1862-1938
02 Nov      - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu ............................... 1880-1936
24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926 Duan Qirui ............................. 1865-1936
20 Apr      - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide ............................... 1863-1933
13 May      - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing ............................ 1877-1950
22 Jun      - 01 Oct 1926 Du Xigui ............................... 1874-1933
01 Oct 1926 - 17 Jun 1927 Gu Weijan .............................. 1887-1985
18 Jun 1927 - 02 Jun 1928 Zhang Zuolin ........................... 1873-1928
 
Premiers
13 Mar      - 27 Jun 1912 Tang Shaoyi
29 Jun      - 25 Sep 1912 Lu Cheng-hsiang
25 Sep 1912 - 01 May 1913 Zhao Bingjun
01 May      - 31 Jul 1913 Duan Qirui (1st Time)
31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Xiong Xiling
12 Feb      - 30 Apr 1914 Sun Baoqi
01 May 1914 - 22 Dec 1915 Xu Shichang (1st Time)
22 Mar      - 23 Apr 1916 Xu Shichang (2nd Time)
23 Apr 1916 - 23 May 1917 Tuan Qirui (2nd Time)

23 May      - 28 May 1917 Wu Tingfang ............................ 1842-1922

28 May      - 02 Jun 1917 Li Jingxi (1st time) ................... 1859-1925

02 Jun      - 12 Jun 1917 Xu Shichang

12 Jun      - 24 Jun 1917 Jiang Chaozong ......................... 1861-1943

24 Jun      - 01 Jul 1917 Li Jingxi (2nd time)

14 Jul      - 30 Nov 1917 Duan Qirui (2nd time)

30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918 Weng Shizhen ........................... 1861-1930

23 Mar      - 10 Oct 1918 Duan Qirui (3rd time)

10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 Qian Nengxun ........................... 1869-1924

13 Jun      - 24 Sep 1919 Gong Xinzhan ........................... 1869-1943

24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 Jin Yunpeng ............................ 1877-1951

                          (1st Time, acting to 5 Nov 1919)

14 May      - 09 Aug 1920 Sa Zhenbing ............................ 1859-1952

09 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 Jin Yunpeng

                          (2nd time, acting)

18 Dec      - 24 Dec 1921 Yan Huiqing (1st time)

24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 Liang Shiyi ............................ 1869-1933

25 Jan      - 08 Apr 1922 Yan Huiqing

                          (2nd time, acting)

08 Apr      - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (acting)

11 Jun      - 05 Aug 1922 Yan Huiqing (3rd time)

05 Aug      - 29 Nov 1922 Wang Chonghui .......................... 1881-1958

29 Nov      - 11 Dec 1922 Wang Daxie ............................. 1859-1929

                          (acting)

11 Dec 1922 - 04 Jan 1923 Wang Zhengting ......................... 1882-1961

04 Jan      - 09 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng

09 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924 Gao Lingwei (acting)

12 Jan      - 14 Sep 1924 Sun Baoqi

14 Sep      - 31 Oct 1924 Yan Huiqing (4th time)

02 Nov      - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu (acting)

26 Dec 1925 - 04 Mar 1926 Xu Shiying ............................. 1873-1964

04 Mar      - 20 Apr 1926 Jia Deyao .............................. 1881-1940

20 Apr      - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (acting)

13 May      - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (5th time)

22 Jun      - 01 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (acting)

01 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Gu Weijun (acting)

18 Jun 1927 - 02 Jun 1928 Pan Fu

____________________________________________________________________________

 
- Nationalist China -
 
Generalissimo of the Military Government
10 Sep 1917 - 05 Jul 1918 Sun Yat-sen (1st Time)
21 Aug 1918 - 24 Oct 1920 Cen Chunxuan ........................... 1861-1933
24 Oct 1920 - 04 May 1921 Military Government
                        - Sun Yat-sen
                        - Tang Shaoyi
                        - Wu Tingfang
                        - Tang Jiyao
Heads of State
05 May 1921 - 29 Jun 1922 Sun Yat Sen (2nd Time)
02 Mar 1923 - 12 Mar 1925 Sun Yat Sen (3rd Time)
12 Mar      - 01 Jul 1925 Hu Hanmin
01 Jul 1925 - 15 Apr 1926 Wang Jingwei ........................... 1883-1944
                          (1st Time)
16 Apr 1926 - 29 Mar 1927 Tan Tankai (1st Time)
20 Mar      - 13 Sep 1927 Wang Jingwei
                          (2nd Time, in Wuhan)
17 Sep 1927 - 10 Oct 1928 Tan Yankai (2nd Time)
10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai-shek ........................ 1887-1975 KMT
                          (1st Time)
15 Dec 1931 - 01 Aug 1943 Lin Sen ................................ 1867-1943 KMT
01 Aug 1943 - 21 Jan 1949 Chiang Kai-shek (2nd Time)
Presidents
21 Jan 1949 - 28 Feb 1950 Li Tsung Jet ........................... 1890-1969 KMT
                          (In Taiwan from 08 Dec 1949)
01 Mar 1950 - 05 Apr 1975 Chang Kai-shek (3rd Time)
05 Apr 1975 - 20 May 1978 Yen Qai Kan ............................ 1905-1993 KMT
20 May 1978 - 13 Jan 1988 Chiang Ching-kuo ....................... 1910-1988 KMT
13 Jan 1988 - 20 May 2000 Lee Teng Hui ........................... 1923-     KMT
20 May 2000 - 20 May 2008 Chen Shui Bian ......................... 1950-     DP
20 May 2008 -             Ma Ying-jeou ........................... 1950-     KMT
 
 
Premiers
10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan Yankai
22 Sep      - 04 Dec 1930 Song Ziwen ............................. 1894-1971 KMT
04 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 Chiang Kai Shek (1st Time)
15 Dec      - 28 Dec 1931 Chen Mingshu ........................... 1890-1965 KMT
28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jun 1932 Sun Fo ................................. 1895-1973 KMT
28 Jun 1932 - 07 Dec 1935 Wang Jingwei
07 Dec 1935 - 31 Dec 1937 Chiang Kai Shek (2nd Time)
01 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939 Kong Xiangxi                                       KMT
20 Nov 1939 - 31 May 1945 Chiang Kai Shek (3rd Time)
01 Jun 1945 - 28 Feb 1947 Song Ziwen (2nd Time)
01 Mar      - 18 Apr 1947 Chiang Kai Shek (4th Time)
18 Apr 1947 - 24 May 1948 Zhang Qun .............................. 1889-1990 KMT
24 May      - 26 Nov 1948 Weng Wenhao ............................ 1889-1971 KMT
26 Nov 1948 - 12 Mar 1949 Sun Fo (2nd Time)
12 Mar      - 03 Jun 1949 He Yingqin ............................. 1889-1987 KMT
03 Jun 1949 - 07 Mar 1950 Yan Xishan ............................. 1883-1960 KMT
                          (In Taiwan from 08 Dec 1949)
07 Mar 1950 - 07 Jun 1954 Chen Cheng (1st Time) .................. 1898-1965 KMT
07 Jun 1954 - 30 Jun 1958 Yu Hongjun ............................. 1897-1960 KMT
01 Jul 1958 - 15 Dec 1963 Chen Cheng (2nd Time)
15 Dec 1963 - 29 May 1972 Yan Jiagin                                         KMT
29 May 1972 - 30 May 1978 Jiang Jingguo                                      KMT
30 May 1978 - 20 May 1984 Sun Yunxuan ............................ 1913-2006 KMT
20 May 1984 - 21 May 1989 Yu Guohua .............................. 1914-2000 KMT
21 May 1989 - 30 May 1990 Li Huan ................................ 1917-2010 KMT
30 May 1990 - 10 Feb 1993 Hau Bocun                                          KMT
10 Feb 1993 - 31 Aug 1997 Lian Zhan                                          KMT
01 Sep 1997 - 20 May 2000 Xiao Wanchang                                      KMT
20 May      - 06 Oct 2000 Tang Fei                                           KMT
06 Oct 2000 - 31 Jan 2002 Zhang Junxiong (1st Time)                          DP
01 Feb 2002 - 31 Jan 2005 You Xikun                                          DP
01 Feb 2005 - 25 Jan 2006 Xie Changting                                      DP
25 Jan 2006 - 21 May 2007 Su Zhangchang                                      DP
21 May 2007 - 20 May 2008 Zhang Junxiong (2nd Time)           
20 May 2008 - 10 Sep 2009 Liu Zhaoxuan                                       KMT
10 Sep 2009 - 06 Feb 2012 Wu Dunyi                                           KMT
06 Feb 2012 - 18 Feb 2013 Chen Chun .............................. 1949-     KMT
18 Feb 2013 - 04 Dec 2014 Jiang Yi-huah .......................... 1960-     KMT
04 Dec 2014 -             Mao Chi-kuo ............................ 1948-     KMT
 
 
DP=Democratic Progressive Party (Liberal, pro Taiwan independence)
KMT=Kuomintang (Nationalist, Conservative (formerly Socialist, Chinese unification)
 

 
People's Republic of China
 
China, coat of arms
Adopted 20 Sep 1950
 
01 Dec 1931 - 15 Nov 1934 Chinese Soviet Republic in Jiangxi
01 Oct 1949 -             People's Republic of China
 
Government: People's Republic
Capital: Beijing
Language: Mandarin, Cantonese, Tibetan, Urgur, Mongolian, Manchu, Wu.
Religion: Confucianism. Taoism, Buddhism, Islam, Christian.
National Anthem: "Yijongjun Jinxingqu" (March of the volunteers).
National Emblem:
National Day: 1st October, founding of the PRC (1949).
National Motto: None.
Currency: Yuan.
 
 
Chairmen of the Communist Party
20 Mar 1943 - 09 Sep 1976 Mao Tse-Tsung ................... 1893-1976
07 Oct 1976 - 30 Jun 1981 Su Zhu Hua Guofeng .............. 1921-2008
General Secretaries of the Communist Party
       1956 -    Jun 1966 Deng Xiaoping ................... 1904-1997
                          (De facto leader 1978 - 1992)
       1966 - 29 Feb 1980 Post abolished
29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu Yaobang ...................... 1915-1989
16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang ..................... 1919-2005
24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002 Jiang Zemin ..................... 1926-
15 Nov 2002 - 15 Nov 2012 Hu Jintao   ..................... 1942-
15 Nov 2012 -             Xi Jinping ...................... 1953-
 
Presidents
01 Oct 1949 - 27 Apr 1959 Mao Tse-Tsung ................... (s.a)
27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 Liu Xaoqi ....................... 1898-1969
31 Oct 1968 - 17 Jan 1975 Dong Biwu ....................... 1886-1975
31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972 Soong Qingling .................. 1893-1981
                          (1st Time, co-president)
17 Feb 1975 - 06 Jul 1976 Zhu De .......................... 1886-1976
06 Jul 1976 - 05 Mar 1978 Soong Qingling (2nd Time)
05 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983 Ye Jianying ..................... 1897-1986
16 May      - 28 May 1981 Soong Qingling
                          (3rd Time, Honorary President)
18 Jun 1983 - 08 Apr 1988 Li Xiannain ..................... 1909-1992
08 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993 Yang Xangkun .................... 1907-1998
27 Mar 1993 - 15 Mar 2003 Jiang Zemin ..................... (s.a)
15 Mar 2003 - 14 Mar 2013 Hu Jintao ....................... (s.a)
14 Mar 2013 -             Xi Jinping ...................... (s.a)
 
Premiers
01 Oct 1949 - 08 Jan 1976 Zhou Enlai ...................... 1898-1976
08 Jan 1976 - 10 Sep 1980 Hua Su Zhu Guofeng .............. (s.a)
10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987 Zhao Zuyang ..................... (s.a)
24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998 Li Peng ......................... 1928-
17 Mar 1998 - 16 Mar 2003 Zhu Rongji ...................... 1928-
16 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2013 Wen Jiabao ...................... 1942-
15 Mar 2013 -             Li Keqiang ...................... 1955-
 

 
Taiwan
File:Formosa Seal.svg    Formosa (Taiwan), flag (1895) - vector image
        1895                                 1895
 
c. 1200's                 First Chinese settlements
1403 - 1424               Ming dynasty explorations
       1544               Visited by Portugal
26 Aug 1624               Southern Formosa a Dutch colony
07 Aug 1626               Chlung, Tanshui and Ilan a Spanish colony
25 Aug 1642               Taiwan a Dutch colony
01 Feb 1661               Independent Kingdom loyal to deposed Ming dynasty
27 Oct 1683               Occupied by China (annexed 27 May 1684)
08 May 1895               Ceded to Japan by China formally from 02 Jun 1895
26 May      - 21 Oct 1895 Republic of Taiwan (in rebellion to Japan)
25 Oct 1945               Restored to China
08 Dec 1949               Republic of China relocates to Taiwan    
 
Kings
01 Feb 1661 - 23 Jun 1662 Cheng Ch'eng-kung ............... 1624-1662
23 Jun      - 30 Jun 1662 Cheng Shi-hsi
30 Jun 1662 - 17 Mar 1681 Cheng Ching ..................... 1642-1681
17 Mar      - 19 Mar 1681 Cheng K'o-tsang ................. 1664-1681
19 Mar 1681 - 22 Sep 1683 Cheng K'oshang .................. 1670-1717
19 Mar 1681 - 22 Sep 1683 Cheng Tsung
                          (Regent)
19 Mar 1681 - 22 Sep 1683 Feng Xifan
                          (de facto regent)
Emperors
26 May      - 30 Jul 1721 Chu Yi-gwe ...................... 1689-1721
   Dec 1786 - 10 Feb 1788 Lin Tsuang-wen .................. 1756-1788
                          nianhao: Shuntian
Presidents
24 May      - 04 Jun 1895 Tang Qing Sung .................. 1841-1903
04 Jun      - 21 Oct 1895 Liu Yung Fu ..................... 1837-1917

 
Manchuria (Manchukuo)
 
File:Emblem of the Emperor of Manchukuo.svg
Manchukuo 1932-1945
 
698 - 1644                Manchu realm
01 Oct 1644               United with Chinese Empire
01 Jan 1912               Part of China
21 May 1900 - 10 Mar 1905 Russian occupation
10 Mar 1905 - 15 Apr 1907 Japanese occupation
       1916 - 29 Dec 1928 Warlord control
       1922               Autonomy declared
29 Dec 1928               Reunified with China
18 Sep 1931 - 15 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation
09 Mar 1932               Great Manchu State
01 Mar 1934               Great Manchu Empire
15 Aug 1945 -    May 1946 Under Soviet Occupation
 
Emperors
...-...
280-285 Yilu
285-290 ?
290-295 Yiluo
Liao Dynasty
926-927 T'ai Tsu
927-947 T'ai Tsung
947-951 Shih Tsung
951-969 Mu Tsung
969-982 Ching Tsung
982-1031 Sheng Tsung
1031-1055 Hsing Tsung
1055-1101 Tao Tsung
1101-1125 T'ien-Tsu Ti
Jin Dynasty
1115-1123 T'aizu Tsu
1123-1134 T'ai Tzong
1134-1149 Xizong I
1149-1161 Wanyan Liang
1161-1189 Xizong II
1189-1208 Zhiangzong
1208-1213 Wanyan Yongji
1213-1223 Xuanzong
1223-1234 Aizong
1234      Wanyan Chenglin
Jianzhou Dynasty
1405      Bukuri Yongson
1405-1433 Mengtemu
1433-1467 Cungsan
1467-1481 Tolo
1481-1522 Sibeoci Fiyanggu
1522-1542 Fuman
Later Jin (Qing) Dynasty
17 Feb 1616 - 30 Sep 1626 Nurhachu ........................ 1559-1626
20 Oct 1626 - 21 Sep 1643 Huang Taiji ..................... 1592-1643
08 Oct 1643 - 05 Feb 1661 Fulin ........................... (s.a)
                          (Shunzhi Emperor of China from 10 Oct 1644)
 
Military Governors
       1922 - 07 Jun 1928 Zhang Zuolin .................... 1873-1928
07 Jun 1928 - 18 Sep 1931 Zhang Xuelian ................... 1901-2001
Japenese Military governor
18 Sep 1931 - 09 Mar 1932 Jiro Minami ..................... 1874-1957
 
Emperor (Qing Dynasty)
09 Mar 1932 - 15 Aug 1945 Pu-yi ........................... (s.a)
                          nianhao: Datong 1932-34, Kangde 1934-45
                          (Former Chinese Emperor,
                           Chief Executive 1932-1934)
 
Premiers
09 Mar 1932 - 21 May 1935 Zheng Xiaoxu .................... 1860-1938
21 May 1935 - 15 Aug 1945 Zhang Jinghui ................... 1871-1959

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