Zhonggou (China)
Legendary Empire
c. 2200 - 1800 BC Kingdom of Xia (Hs'ia)
1800 - 1722 BC Kingdom of Shang
1016 - 249 BC Kingdom of Zhou (Chou)
304 - 439 BC Era of Waring States
475 - 207 BC Chinese Empire unified under Kingdom of Qin (Ch'in)
207 - 202 Han-Chu contention, Era of the Eighteen Kingdoms
28 Feb 202 BC Han State
10 Dec 220 - 10 Jul 420 Era of disunity "Era of the Three Kingdoms"
10 Jul 420 - 10 Feb 589 Divided into Northern and Southern dynasties
12 May 907 - 979 Era of the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms"
04 Feb 960 Great Song State
09 Feb 1234 Mongol invasion begins
20 Mar 1270 - 20 Jan 1368 Yuan (Mongol) dynasty under Mongol Empire
28 Jan 1368 Great Ming Empire (Da Ming [Ta Ming])
01 Oct 1644 Great Qing (Ta Ch'ing [Manchu]) Empire
Dec 1850 - 18 Nov 1864 Taiping rebellion
28 May 1858 Russia annexes the Left-bank of the Amur river
14 Nov 1860 Russia annexes Right-bank of the Amur river
02 Jul 1895 - 25 Oct 1945 Taiwan annexed by Japan
02 Nov 1899 - 07 Sep 1901 Boxer rebellion
10 Oct 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Xinhai Revolution
03 Dec 1911 Zhonghua Minguo (Republic of China)
12 Feb 1912 Abdication of the Xuantong Emperor
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Empire of China
22 Mar 1916 Republic of China (restored)
01 Jul - 12 Jul 1917 Brief restoration of the Great Qing Empire
12 Jul 1917 Republic of China (re-restored)
19 Feb 1920 - 03 Feb 1921 Mongolia reincorporated into China
10 Sep 1931 - 15 Aug 1945 Manchuria occupied by Japan
01 Dec 1931 - 15 Oct 1934 Sovet Republic of China declared in Kiangsi
18 Feb 1932 Independence of Manchukuo (Japanese puppet state)
07 Jul 1937 - 15 Aug 1945 Japanese occupation of coastal provinces
17 Aug 1945 - 03 May 1946 Manchuria under Soviet occupation
01 Oct 1949 Zhonghua renmin gongheguo (People's Republic of China)
20 Oct 1949 Kashgaria (East Turkistan) re-incorporated into China
02 Dec 1949 Inner Mongolia re-integrated into China
07 Oct 1950 Tibet occupied by China (annexed 1951)
01 Jul 1997 Re-integration of Hong Kong
20 Dec 1999 Re-integration Macao
Note: This record uses the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system for standard Chinese used
in mainland China since 1958 and in western sources from 1980. Before these dates
romanization of standard Chinese had used the Wade-Giles system which became standard
in the nineteenth century. The Republic of China (Taiwan) continued to use Wade-Giles
until 2008, when it was officially replayced by Pinyin, though use of Wade-Giles
continues. Wade-Giles is still generally used for Chinese names in countries with large Chinese populations such as Singapore and Malaysia.
Pinyin pronounciations are as follows: b = p, d = t, g = k, j = ch, q = ch, x = sh,
zh = j, z = ds, c = ts. i after z,c,s and zh,
sh, r and x is pronounced as a continuation
of the consonant with a z or as 'ur'.
e.g Cixi: Tsur-shzz-ee.
Chinese Empire
Note: The Chinese emperors (huangdi) had four names. Ming, the personal or birth name which was never used directly or in reference to the emperor. Miaohao (Miao-hao), the temple name that was used postumosly. Shihao (Shih-hao), the posthumos name often combined with the temple name; and Niaohao (Nien-hao) - the era name. The emperor was always known by his era name, and refered to even after his death (except in earlier dynasties which used the temple name). The era name started as the emperor's own motto and could be changed semi-regually during the reign. The Ming dynasty emperors discontinued this practice and only one name was used for the entire reign. The Qing dynasty emperors followed the Manchu convention of not using one's personal and family name together, which was in complete contravention of Chinese tradition and considered a taboo when referring to the emperor.
Emperors (Legerndary)
- Three August Ones and Five Emperors -
You Chao (Da Chao)
Suiren (Sui-jen) "Fire Maker"
Fuxi (Fu Hsi [Pao-hsi]) "The Ox-tamer"
Yan Di Jiang Xen Nuwa (Yan Ti Ch'iang Hsen Nu-wa)
2698 - 2598 Huangdi Gongsun Xuan Yuan "Yellow Emperor"
Ji Shaohao Ji Tian
Di Ku Ji (Goa Xin [Koa-hsin)
Di Zhi (Ji Koa Hsin)
Yao Qi (Tang Tao)
Yao Yu (Di Xun [Ti Hsun])
Kingdom of Xia (Hsia)
2150-2106 Si Yu Di "The Great"
2106-2077 Si Qu
2077-2048 Si Tai Kang
2048-2036 Si Zhong Kong
2036-2008 Si Xiang
1968-1946 Shao Kang
1946-1929 Zhu
1929-1885 Huai
1885-1867 Mang
1867-1851 Xie
1851-1792 Bu Jiang
1792-1771 Jiong
1771-1750 Jin
1750-1719 Kong
1719-1708 Gao
1708-1689 Fa
1689-1658 Jie
Kingdom of Shang
1658-1626 Tang
1629-1627 Wai Bong
Zhong Ren
Tai Jin
Wo Dong
Tai Gong
Xiao Zhin
Yong Zho
Tai Wu
Zhong Dong
Wai Ren
He Den Jin
Zo Yo
Wo Jin
Zo Dong
Nan Gong
Yang Jin
Pan Gong
Xiao Xan
Xiao Yu
Wo Dong
Zo Gong
1251-1250 Zu Zhin
1250-1191 Lon Xon
1191-1147 Gong Dong
1147-1112 Wu Yu
1112-1101 Tai Dong
1101-1076 Di Yo
1075-1046 Di Xan
Kingdom of Zhou
1046-1043 Ji Fa
shi: Zhou Xiaowuwang
1043-1021 Ji Song
shi: Zho Chengwang
1021-996 Ji Zhao
shi: Zhou Kangwang
996-977 Ji Xia
shi: Zhou Zhaowang
977-922 Ji Man
shi: Zhou Muwang
922-900 Ji Yihu
shi: Zhou Gongwang
900-892 Ji Jian
shi: Zhou Yiwang I
892-885 Ji Pifang
shi: Zhou Xiowang
885-878 Ji Xie
shi: Zhou Yiwang II
877-841 Ji Li
shi: Zhou Liwang
827-782 Ji Jang
shi: Zhou Xuanwang
782-770 Ji Gongsheng
shi: Zhou Youwang
770-720 Ji Yijiu
shi: Zhou Pingwang
720-697 Ji Lin
shi: Zhou Huanwang
697-681 Ji Tuo
shi: Zhou Zhuanwang
681-676 Ji Huqi
shi: Zhou Xiwang
676-652 Ji Xi
shi: Zhou Huiwang I
652-619 Ji Lang
shi: Zhou Xianwang
619-613 Ji Renchen
shi: Zhou Qingwang
613-607 Ji Ban
shi: Zhou Kuangwang
606-586 Ji Yu
shi: Zhou Dingwang
586-572 Ji Yi
shi: Zhou Jianwang
572-544 Ji Xiexin
shi: Zhou Lingwang
544-521 Ji Gi
shi: Zhou Jingwang I
521-519 Ji Meng
shi: Zhou Daowang
519-476 Ji Gai
shi: Zhou Jingwang II
476-469 Ji Ren
shi: Zhou Yuanwang
469-441 Ji Jie
shi: Zhou Zhendingwang
441 Ji Quji
shi: Zhou Aiwang
441 Ji Shu
shi: Zhou Siwang
440-426 Ji Wei
shi: Zhou Kaowang
426-402 Ji Wu
shi: Zhou Weiliewang
402-376 Ji Jiao
shi: Zhou Anwang
376-369 Ji Xi
shi: Zhou Liewang
369-321 Ji Bian
shi: Zhou Xianwang
321-315 Ji Ding
shi: Zhou Shenjingwang
315-256 Ji Yan
shi: Zhou Nanwang
256-249 Ji Jie
shi: Zhou Huiwang II
Kingdom of Qin, Qin Dynasty
302 - 250 Ying Ze
shi: Zhaoxiang
250 - 249 Ying Zhu
shi: Xiaowen
249 - 247 Ying Zichu
shi: Zhuangxiang
07 May 247 - 10 Sep 210 Ying Zheng
shi: Qin Shihuangdi (The First Emperor)
10 Sep 210 - Oct 207 Ying Huhai
shi: Er Shi Huangdi
Oct - Dec 207 Ying Ziying
Chu Dynasty
Dec 207 - Jan 205 Min Xin
shi: Yi / nianhao: Huai Il
Western Han Dyansty
28 Feb 202 - 01 Jun 195 Liu Bang
shi: Gaozu
01 Jun 195 - Oct 188 Liu Ying
shi: Xiaohui
Oct 188 - 184 Liu Gong
shi: Qiansho
184 - Oct 180 Liu Hong
shi: Houshaodi
Oct 180 - Jul 157 Liu Heng
miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Xiaowen
nianhao: Houyuan
Jul 157 - 09 Mar 141 Liu Qi
miaohao: ? / shi: Jingdi
nianhao: Qianyuan
09 Mar 141 - 29 Mar 87 Liu Che
miaohao: Shizong / shi: Wudi
nianhao: 12 in total
30 Mar 87 - 74 Liu Fuling
miaohao: ? / shi: Zhaodi
nianhao: Yuanping
74 - 49 Liu Bingyi
miaohao: Zhongzhong/ shi: Xuan
nianhao: 8 in total
49 - 33 Liu Yi
miaohao: ? / shi: Xiaoyuan
nianhao: Yongguang
33 - 07 Liu Ao
miaohao: ? / shi: Xiaocheng
nianhao: 7 in total
07 - 00 Liu Xin
miaohao: ? / shi: Xiaoai
nianhao: Jianping
00 - 05 Liu Kan
miaohao: ? / shi: Xiaoping
nianhao: Yuanshi
05 - 10 Jan 09 Liu Ying
miaohao: ? / shi: Ruzi
nianhao: Jushe
Xin (Hsin) Dynasty
10 Jan 09 - 06 Oct 23 Wang Mang ................................. 45-23
nianhao: Shijianguo 9-13, Tianfeng 14-19, Dihuang 20-23
Easten Han Dynasty
07 Oct 23 - 24 Aug 25 Liu Xuan
miaohao: ?/ shi:
nianhao: Gengshi
25 Aug 25 - 29 Mar 57 Liu Xiu
miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Guangwu
nianhao: Jianwu
30 Mar 57 - 75 Liu Yang
miaohao: Xianzong/ shi: Ming Di
nianhao: Yongping
75 - 88 Liu Da
miaohao: Suzong/ shi: Xiaozhang
nianhao: 3 in total
88 - Aug 105 Liu Zhao
miaohao: Muzong/ shi: Xiaohe
nianhao: Yongyuan
Aug 105 - Sep 106 Liu Long
miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaoshang
nianhao: Yanping
Sep 106 - 125 Liu Hu
miaohao: Gongzong/ shi: Xiaoan
nianhao: 5 in total
125 Liu Yi (Marquess of Beixiang)
nianhao: Yanguang
125 - 145 Liu Bao
miaohao: Jingzong/ shi: Xiaoshun
nianhao: 5 in total
145 - 146 Liu Bing
shi: Xiaochong/ nianhao: Yongxi
146 - 147 Liu Zuan
miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaozhi
nianhao: Benchu
147 - 168 Liu Zhi
miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaohuan
nianhao: 7 in total
168 - 13 May 189 Liu Hong
miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaoling
nianhao: 4 in total
15 May - 28 Sep 189 Liu Bian
miaohao: ?/ shi: Hongnong
nianhao: Zhaoning
28 Sep 190 - 10 Dec 220 Liu Xie
miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaoxian
nianhao: 5 in total
Kingdom of Han
221 - 10 Jun 223 Liu Bei
miaohao: Xuande/ shi: Zhaolie
nianhao: Zhangwu
22 Jun 223 - 263 Liu Shan
miaohao: Gongsi/ shi: Xiaohuai
nianhao:4 in total
Kingdom of Wei
10 Dec 220 - 29 Jun 226 Cao Pi
miaohao: Gaozu/ shi: Wen Di
nianhao: Huangchu
30 Jun 226 - 22 Jan 239 Cao Rui
miaohao: Liezu/ shi: Ming Di
nianhao: 3 in total
23 Jan 239 - 254 Cao Fang
miaohao: Lanqing/ shi: Qi Wang
nianhao: Zhengshi 240-49, Jiaping 249-54
254 - 260 Cao Mao
miaohao: Yanshi/ shi: Gaoguixiang Gong
nianhao: Zhengyuan 254-56, Ganlu 256-60
260 - 265 Cao Huan
miaohao: Jingming/ shi: Yuan Di
nianhao: Jingyuan 260-64, Xianxi 264-65
Kingdom of Wu
222 - 252 Sun Quan
miaohao: Zhongmou/ shi: Dongwudadi
nianhao: 6 in total
252 - 258 Sun Liang
miaohao: Fei Di/ shi: Kuaiji Wang
nianhao: 3 in total
258 - 03 Sep 264 Sun Xia
miaohao: Zilie/ shi: Jing Di
nianhao: Yongan
04 Sep 264 - Mar 280 Sun Hao
miaohao: Yuanzong/ shi:None
nianhao: 8 in total
Jin Dynasty
- Western Jin -
08 Feb 266 - 17 May 290 Sima Yan I
miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Wu
nianhao:4 in total
17 May 290 - 08 Jan 307 Sima Lun
miaohao: Hui Di/ shi: Xiaohui
nianhao: 11 in total
08 Jan 307 - Aug 311 Sima Chi
miaohao: Huai Di/ shi: Xiaohuai
nianhao: Yongjia
Aug 311 - Oct 316 Sima Ye
miaohao: Min Di/ shi: Xiaomin
nianhao: Jianxing
- Eastern Jin -
Feb 317 - 03 Jan 323 Sima Rui
miaohao: Zhongzong/ shi: Yuan
nianhao: Jianwu 317-18, Taixing 318-21, Yongchang 322-23
03 Jan 323 - 18 Oct 325 Sima Shao
miaohao: Suzu/ shi: Ming
nianhao: Taining
19 Oct 325 - 26 Jul 342 Sima Yan II
miaohao: Xianzong/ shi: Cheng
nianhao: Xianhe 326-34, Xiankang 335-42
27 Jul 342 - 17 Nov 344 Sima Yue
shi: Kang Di/ nianhao: Jianyuan
18 Nov 344 - 10 Jul 361 Sima Dan
miaohao: Xianzong/ shi: Mu Di
nianhao: Yonghe 345-57, Shengping, 357-61
11 Jul 361 - 30 Mar 365 Sima Pi
shi: Ai Di
nianhao: Longhe 362-63. Xingning 363-35
31 Mar 365 - 06 Jan 372 Sima Yi
miaohao: Fei Di/ shi: ?
nianhao: Taihe
07 Jan - 12 Sep 372 Sima Yu
miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Jianwen
nianhao: Xianan
13 Sep 372 - 05 Nov 396 Sima Yao
miaohao: ?/ shi: Xiaowu
nianhao: Ningkang 372-76, Taiyuan 376-96
06 Nov 396 - 28 Jan 419 Sima Dezong
miaohao: ?/ shi: An Di
nianhao: Longan 397-401, Yuanxing 402-04, Yixi 404-19
30 Jan 419 - 10 Jul 420 Sima Dewen
miaohao: ?/ shi: Gong Di
nianhao: Yuanxi
Sui Dynasty
04 Mar 581 - 13 Aug 604 Yang Jian
miaohao: Gaozu/shi: Wen Di
nianhao: Kaihuang
21 Aug 604 - 11 Apr 618 Yang Guang (Duke of Xi)
miaohao: Shizu/ shi: Yang Di
nianhao: Daye
18 Dec 617 - 12 Jun 618 Yang You
shi: Yang Di/nianhao: Daye
22 Jun 618 - 23 May 619 Yang Tong
shi: Gong/nianhao: Huangtai
(Emperor in rebellion, Duke of Lu)
Tang Dynasty
18 Jun 618 - 04 Sep 626 Li Yuan
miaohao: Gaozu/ shi: Shenyao
nianhao: Wude
04 Sep 626 - 10 Jul 649 Li Shimin
miaohao: Taizong/ shi: Wen Huangdi
nianhao: Zhenguan
15 Jul 649 - 27 Dec 683 Li Zhinu
miaohao: Gaozong/ shi: Tianhuang
nianhao:15 in total
03 Jan - 26 Feb 684 Li Xian (1st Time)
miaohao: Zhongzong/ shi: Xiaohe
nianhao: Sisheng
27 Feb 684 - 08 Oct 690 Li Dan (1st Time)
miaohao: Ruizong/ shi: Shengzhen
nianhao: 5 in total
Zhou Dynasty
18 Oct 690 - 22 Feb 705 Empress Wu Zhao
miaohao: Wu Ze Tian/ shi: Zetian
nianhao: 12 in total
Tang Dynasty
23 Feb 705 - 03 Jul 710 Li Xian (2nd Time)
nianhao: Shenlong 705-07, Jinglong 707-10
08 Jul - 23 Jul 710 Li Chongmao
miaohao: Shang Di/ shi: Shang
nianhao: Tanglong
24 Jul 710 - 31 Aug 712 Li Dan (2nd Time)
nianhao: Jingyun
08 Sep 712 - 13 Aug 756 Li Longji
miaohao: Wuanzong/ shi: Ming
nianhao: Xiantian 712-13, Kaiyuan 713-41, Tianbao 742-56
13 Aug 756 - 16 May 762 Li Heng
miaohao: Suzong/ shi: Wenming
nianhao: 4 in total
18 May 762 - 23 May 779 Li Yu
miaohao: Daizong/ shi: Ruiwen Xiaowu
nianhao: Guangdi 763-64, Yontai 765-66, Dali 766-79
12 Jun 779 - 25 Feb 805 Li Gua
miaohao: Dezong/ shi: Shenwu Xiaowen
nianhao: Jianzhong 780-83, Xingyuan 784, Zhengyuan 785-805
28 Feb - 31 Aug 805 Li Song
miaohao: Shunzong/ shi: Zhide
nianhao: Shunzong
05 Sep 805 - 14 Feb 820 Li Chun
miaohao: Xianzong/ shi: Zhangwu
nianhao: Yuanhe
20 Feb 820 - 25 Feb 824 Li Heng
miaohao: Muzong/ shi: Ruisheng Wenhui Xiao
nianhao: Changqing
29 Feb 824 - 09 Jan 827 Li Zhan
miaohao: Jingzong/ shi: Zhaomin
nianhao: Baoli
13 Jan 827 - 10 Feb 840 Li Ang
miaohao: Wenzong/ shi: Zhaoxian
nianhao: Dahe
20 Feb 840 - 22 Apr 846 Li Yan
miaohao: Wuzong/ shi: Zedao Zhaosui Xiao
nianhao: Huichang
25 Apr 846 - 07 Sep 859 Li Chen
miaohao: Wuanzong/ shi: Never used in short form
nianhao: Daizhong
13 Sep 859 - 15 Aug 873 Li Cui
miaohao: Yi Zong/nianhao: Xiantong
16 Aug 873 - 20 Apr 888 Li Xuan
miaohao: Xi Zong/nianhao: Xiantong
20 Apr 888 - 22 Sep 904 Li Ye
miaohao: Zhaozong/nianhao: Tanyou
26 Sep 904 - 12 May 907 Li Zhu
miaohao: Ai Di/nianhao: Longji
Liang Dynasty
01 Jun 907 - 18 Jul 912 Zhu Wen
miaohao: Taizu/ shi: Xianwu
nianhao: Kaiping
21 Jul 912 - 27 Mar 913 Zhu Youngui
nianhao: Qianghua
28 Mar 913 - 18 Nov 923 Zhu Zhen
shi: Modi/nianhao: Zhenming
Later Tang Dynasty
13 May 923 - 25 May 926 Li Cunxu
miaohao: Zhunag Zong/ shi:Never used in short form
nianhao: Tongguang
03 Jun 926 - 15 Dec 933 Li Siyuan
miaohao: Ming Zong/ shi:Never used in short form
nianhao: Changxing
17 Dec 933 - 20 May 934 Li Conghou
shi: Min Di/nianhao: Yingshun
21 May 934 - 11 Jan 937 Li Congke
shi: Mo Di/nianhao: Qingtai
Later Jin Dynasty
28 Nov 936 - 28 Jul 942 Shi Jingtang
miaohao: Gao Zu I/ shi:Never used in short form
nianhao: Tainfu
942 - 947 Shi Chonggui
shi: Chu Di/nianhao: Kaiyun
Later Han Dynasty
10 Mar 947 - 10 Mar 948 Liu Zhiyuan
miaohao: Gao Zu II/ shi:Never used in short form
nianhao: Qianyou
14 Mar 948 - 02 Jan 951 Liu Chengyou
shi: Yin Di/nianhao: Qianyou
Zhou Dynasty
13 Feb 951 - 22 Feb 954 Guo Wei
miaohao: Tai Zu/nianhao: Xiande
26 Feb 954 - 27 Jul 959 Chai Rong
miaohao: Shi Zong/ shi:Never used in short form
nianhao: Xiande
27 Jul 959 - 03 Feb 960 Chai Zongxun
shi: Gong Di/nianhao: Xiande
Song Dynasty
04 Feb 960 - 14 Nov 976 Zhao Kuangyin
miaohao: Taizu/ shi:Never used in short form
nianhao: Jianlong, Qiande, Kaibao
15 Nov 976 - 08 May 997 Zhao Kuangyi
miaohao: Taizong/ shi:Never used in short form
nianhao: Taipingxingguo
23 Dec 997 - 23 Mar 1022 Zhao Heng
miaohao: Zhenzong/ shi:Never used in short form
nianhao: Xianping
24 Mar 1022 - 30 Apr 1063 Zhao Zhen
miaohao: Renzong/ shi: Never used in short form
nianhao: Tiansheng 1023-1032, Jiayou 1056-63
02 May 1063 - 25 Jan 1067 Zhao Shu
miaohao: Yingzong/ shi: Never used in short form
nianhao: Zhiping
26 Jan 1067 - 01 Apr 1085 Zhao Xu I
miaohao: Shenzong/ shi: Never used in short form
nianhao: Xining 1068-77, Yuanfeng 1078-85
02 Apr 1085 - 23 Feb 1100 Zhao Xu II
miaohao: Zhezong/ shi: Never used in short form
nianhao: Yuanyou 1086-1094, Yuanfu 1098-1100
24 Feb 1100 - 18 Jan 1126 Zhao Ji
miaohao: Huizong/ shi: Never used in short form
nianhao: Jianzhongjingguo 1101-02, Xuanhe 1119-25
19 Jan 1126 - 09 Jan 1127 Zhao Huan
miaohao: Qinzong/ shi: Never used in short form
nianhao: Jingkong
- Western Xia Dynasty -
10 Nov 1038 - 19 Jan 1048 Li Yuanhao
miaohao: Jingzong/ shi: Wuliedi
nianhao: Tianshoulifayanzuo
1047 - 1067 Li Liangzuo
miaohao: Yizong/ shi: Zhaoyingdi
nianhao: Gonghua
1067 - 1086 Li Bingchang
miaohao: Huizong/ shi: Kangjingdi
nianhao: Tiananliding
1086 - 1139 Li Qianshun
miaohao: Chongzong/ shi: Shengwendi
nianhao: Dade
1139 - 1193 Li Renxiao
miaohao: Renzong/ shi: Shengzhendi
nianhao: Qianyou
1193 - 1206 Li Chunyou
miaohao: Huanzong/ shi: Zhaojianji
nianhao: Tianqing
1206 - 05 Aug 1211 Li Anquan
miaohao: Xiangzong/ shi: Jingwudi
nianhao: Huangjian
12 Aug 1211 - 1223 Li Zunxu
miaohao: Shenzong/ shi: Yingwendi
nianhao: Guangding
1223 - 1226 Li Dewang
miaohao: Xianzong/nianhao: Qianding
1226 - 1227 Li Xian
miaohao: Mozhu/nianhao: Baoyi
Dai Ön Ulus Yüan (Birjigin) Dynasty
20 Mar 1279 - 18 Feb 1294 Khubilai Khan ........................................... 1215-1264
miaohao: Shizu / shi: (Never used in short form)
nianhao: Zhiyuan
18 Feb 1294 - 02 Feb 1307 Temür Öljeytü Khan ...................................... 1265-1307
miaohao: Chengzong / shi: Qin Ming Guang Xiao Huangdi
nianhao: Yuanzhen
02 Feb 1307 - 27 Jan 1311 Külüg qayan ............................................. 1281-1311
miaohao: Wuzong / shi: (Never used in short form)
nianhao: Zhida
07 Apr 1311 - 01 Mar 1320 Ayurbarwada Buyantu ..................................... 1285-1320
miaohao: Renzong / shi: (Never used in short form)
nianhao: Huangqing 1312-13, Yanyou 1314-20
19 Apr 1320 - 04 Sep 1323 Shidibala Geegen ........................................ 1302-1323
miaohao: Yingzong / shi: (Never used in short form)
nianhao: Zhizhi
04 Oct 1323 - 15 Aug 1328 Yesün Temür ............................................. 1293-1328
miaohao: Jinzong / shi: Taiding Di
nianhao: Taiding
15 Aug - 14 Nov 1328 Arigabag ................................................ 1320-1328
shi: Tianshun Di / nianhao: Tianshun
16 Oct 1328 - 27 Feb 1329 Jijaghatu Toq-Temür (1st Time) .......................... 1304-1332
miaohao: Wenzong / shi: Shengming Yuan Xiao Huangdi
nianhao: Tianli 1328-29, Zhishun 1329-32
27 Feb - 30 Aug 1329 Qutuytu qayan ........................................... 1300-1329
miaohao: Mingzong / shi: (Never used in short form)
nianhao: Tienli
08 Sep 1329 - 02 Sep 1332 Jijaghatu Toq-Temür (2nd Time)
nianhao: Zhishun
02 Sep - 14 Dec 1332 Irinchinbal Khan ........................................ 1326-1332
miaohao: Ningzong / shi: Never used in short form
nianhao: Zhinshun
19 Jul 1333 - 20 Jan 1368 Toghan-Temür ............................................ 1320-1370
miaohao: Huizong / shi: Shundi
nianhao: Yuantong 1333-35, Zhiyuan 1335-40, Zhizheng 1340-68
Great Ming Empire
Emperors of the Ming Dynasty
28 Jan 1368 - 24 Jun 1398 Zhu Yuanzhang (Chu Yüan-chang) .......................... 1328-1378
miaohao: Gaodi (Kao-ti)/ shi: Taizu (T'ai-tzu)
nianhao: Hongwu (Hong-wu)
30 Jun 1398 - 13 Jul 1402 Zhu Yunwen (Chu Yun-wen) ................................ 1377-1402
miaohao: Huizong (Hui-tsong)/ shi: Rangdi (Rung-ti)
nianhao: Jianwen (Ch'ian-wen)
17 Jul 1402 - 12 Aug 1424 Zhu Di (Chu-ti) ......................................... 1360-1424
miaohao: Wendi (Wen-ti)/ shi: Chengzu (Cheng-tsu)
nianhao: Yongle (Yong-lee)
07 Sep 1424 - 29 May 1425 Zhu Gaochi (Chu Kao-chi) ................................ 1378-1425
miaohao: Zhaodi (Chao-ti)/ shi: Renzong (Ren-tsong)
nianhao: Hongxi (Hong-hsi)
27 Jun 1425 - 31 Jan 1435 Zhu Zhanji (Chu Chan-chi) ............................... 1399-1435
miaohao: Zhangdi (Chang-ti)/shi: Xuanzong (Hsu'an-tsong)
nianhao: Xuande (Hsü'an-teh)
07 Feb 1435 - 01 Sep 1449 Zhu Qizhen (Chu Ch'i-chen) (1st Time) ................... 1427-1464
miaohao: Ruidi (Ru'i-ti)/ shi: Yingzong (Ying-tsong)
nianhao: Zhengtong (Cheng-tong)
22 Sep 1449 - 11 Feb 1457 Zhu Qiyu (Chu Ch'i-yü) .................................. 1428-1457
miaohao: Jingdi (Ching-ti)/ shi: Daizong (T'ai-tsong)
nianhao: Jingtai (Ching-tai)
11 Feb 1457 - 23 Feb 1464 Zhu Qizhen (Chu Ch'i-chen) (2nd Time)
nianhao: Tianshun (Tian-shun)
28 Feb 1464 - 09 Sep 1487 Zhu Jianshen (Chu Ch'ian-shen) .......................... 1447-1487
miaohao: Chundi (Chün-ti)/ shi: Xianzong (Hsi'a-tsong)
nianhao: Chenghua (Cheng-hua)
22 Sep 1487 - 08 Jun 1505 Zhu Youtang (Chu Yu-tung) ............................... 1470-1505
miaohao: Jingdi (Ching-ti)/ shi: Xiaozong (Hsi'ao-tsong)
nianhao: Hongzhi (Hong-chi)
19 Jun 1505 - 20 Apr 1521 Zhu Houzhao (Chu How-chao) .............................. 1491-1521
miaohao: Yidi (Yi-ti)/ shi: Wuzong (Wu-tsong)
nianhao: Zhengde (Ch'eng-te)
27 May 1521 - 23 Jan 1567 Zhu Houcong (Chu How-kong) .............................. 1507-1567
miaohao: Sudi (Soo-ti)/ shi: Shizong (Shi-tsong)
nianhao: Jiajing (Ch'ia-ching)
04 Feb 1567 - 05 Jul 1572 Zhu Zhaihou (Chu Ch'ai-hou) ............................. 1537-1572
miaohao: Zhuangdi (Chuang-ti)/ shi: Muzong (Mu-tsong)
nianhao: Longqing (Long-ch'ing)
19 Jul 1572 - 18 Aug 1620 Zhu Yijun (Chu I-chün) .................................. 1563-1620
miaohao: Xian huangdi/ shi: Shenzong (Shen-tsung)
nianhao: Wanli (Wan-li)
28 Aug - 26 Sep 1620 Zhu Changlu (Chu Chang-leu) ............................. 1582-1620
miaohao: Guangzong (Kuang-tsung)/shi: Zhen huangdi
nianhao: Tiachang (T'ai-ch'ang)
01 Oct 1620 - 30 Sep 1627 Zhu Youjiao (Chu Yu-chiao) .............................. 1605-1627
miaohao: Shih Tsu/ shi: Zhang huangdi
nianhao: Tianqi (T'ien-ch'i)
02 Oct 1627 - 25 Apr 1644 Zhu Youjian (Chu Yu-chien) .............................. 1611-1644
miaohao: Sizong (Szu-tsung)/ shi: Zhe huangti
nianhao: Chongzhen (Ch'ung-chen)
Great Qing (Ch'ing) Empire
Qing Empire flag 1889-1911, 1917
Government: Absolute Monarchy.
Capital: Peking.
Language: Guanhua Chinese, Manchu.
Religion: Confucianism, Taoism, Shamanism, Buddhism, Islam.
National Anthem: "Gong Jin'ou" ("Cup of Solid Gold") (1911).
National Day: Emperors Birthday, 07 February (1906).
National Emblem: Chinese Dragon.
Currency: Silver Tael.
Qing (Ch'ing [Aisin-Gioro]) Dynasty
01 Oct 1644 - 05 Feb 1661 Fulin (Fu-lin) .......................................... 1638-1661
miaohao: Shizu (Shih-tsu)/ shi: Zhang huangdi (Chang huang-ti)
nianhao: Shunzhi (Shun-chih)
07 Feb 1661 - 20 Dec 1722 Xuanye (Hsüan-yeh) ...................................... 1654-1722
miaohao: Shengzu (Sheng Tsu)/ shi: Ren huangdi (Jen huang-ti)
nianhao: Kangxi (K'ang-hsi)
27 Dec 1722 - 08 Oct 1735 Yinzhen (Yin-chen) ...................................... 1678-1735
miaohao: Shizong (Shi Tsung)/ shi: Xian huangdi (Hsien huang-ti)
nianhao: Yongzheng (Yung-cheng)
18 Oct 1735 - 09 Feb 1796 Hongli (Hung-li) ........................................ 1711-1799
(as Taishang Huang [Empeor Emeritus] to 07 Feb 1799)
miaohao: Gaozong (Kao Tsung)/ shi: Chun huangdi (Ch'un huang-ti)
nianhao: Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung)
09 Feb 1796 - 02 Sep 1820 Yongyan (Yung-yen) ...................................... 1760-1820
miaohao: Renzong (Jen Tsung)/ shi: Rui huangdi (Jui huang-ti)
nianhao: Jiaqing (Ch'ia-ching)
03 Oct 1820 - 25 Feb 1850 Minning (Min-ning) ...................................... 1782-1850
miaohao: Xuanzong (Hsüang-tsung)/ shi: Cheng huangdi (Ch'eng huang-ti)
nianhao: Daoguang (Tao-kuang)
09 Mar 1850 - 22 Aug 1861 Yizhu (I Chu) ........................................... 1831-1861
miaohao: Wenzong (Wen-tsung)/ shi: Xian huangdi (Hsien huang-ti)
nianhao: Xianfeng (Hsien-feng)
22 Aug 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Regents
- Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz'u-hsi) ......................... 1835-1908
(1st Time)
- Empress Dowager Ci'an (Ts'u-an) ......................... 1837-1881
- I-hin (Yixin), Prince Gong (Kong) ....................... 1833-1898
11 Nov 1861 - 12 Jan 1875 Zaichun (Tsai-ch'un) .................................... 1856-1875
miaohao: Muzong (Mu-tsung)/ shi: Yi hiangdi (I huang-ti)
nianhao: Tongzhi (T'ung-chih)
12 Jan 1875 - 04 Mar 1889 Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz'u-hsi)
(Regent, 2nd Time)
14 Nov 1875 - 14 Nov 1908 Zaitian (Tsai-t'ien) .................................... 1871-1908
miaohao: Dezong (Te-tsung)/ shi: Jing huangdi (Ching huang-ti)
nianhao: Guangxu (Kuang-hsü)
21 Aug 1900 - 15 Nov 1908 Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz'u-hsi)
(Regent (de facto), 3rd Time)
15 Nov 1908 - 06 Dec 1911 Zaifeng (Tsai-feng), Prince Chun ........................ 1882-1951
(Regent)
02 Dec 1908 - 12 Feb 1912 Puyi (P'u-i) (1st Time) ................................. 1906-1967
miaohao: Gongzong (Kong-tsung)/ shi: Mindi (Mo-tai)
nianhao: Xuangtong (Hsüan-t'ung)
06 Dec 1911 - 12 Feb 1912 Empress Longyu (Lung-yü) Xiaoding ....................... 1868-1913
(holder of the Imperial seal, acting)
12 Feb 1912 - 01 Jul 1917 Puyi (1st Time)
(Emperor within the Forbidden City)
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shi-k'ai) ............................. 1859-1916
nianhao: Hongxian (Hung-hsien)
(Non-dynastic Emperor)
01 Jul - 12 Jul 1917 Puyi (2nd Time)
12 Jul 1917 - 05 Nov 1924 Puyi (2nd Time)
(Emperor within the Forbidden City)
Premiers (serving jointly)
06 Jan 1900 - 21 Jun 1907 Wang Wenshao (Wang Wenshow) ............................. 1830-1908
31 Jan 1902 - 18 Sep 1909 Sun Jianai (Son ch'ian-ai) .............................. 1827-1909
Oct 1903 - 16 Oct 1904 Jiangxin (Ch'iang Hsin) ................................. 18..-1908
09 Nov 1905 - 28 Oct 1906 Yu Te (Yüde) ............................................ 18..-1906
10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911 Shi Xu (Shi Hsü) ........................................ 1852-1921
10 Jan 1905 - 30 Oct 1911 Natong (Na Dong) ........................................ 1856-1925
10 Aug 1907 - 18 Sep 1909 Zhang Zhidong (Chang Chi-T'ong).......................... 1837-1909
06 Nov 1909 - 01 Sep 1910 Lu Zhuanlin (Lu Chuan-lin) .............................. 1836-1910
01 Sep 1910 - 08 May 1911 Lu Runyang (Lu Run-yang) ................................ 1841-1913
01 Sep 1910 - 08 May 1911 Xu Shichang (Hsü Shi-chang) ............................. 1858-1939
Prime Ministers
09 May - 01 Nov 1911 Yukiang (I-k'uang), Prince Qing ......................... 1839-1917
01 Nov 1911 - 20 Jan 1912 Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shih-k'ai) ............................ s.a
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Lu Zhengxiang (Lu Cheng-hsiang) ......................... 1871-1949
01 Jul - 12 Jul 1917 Duke Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün) ............................. 1854-1923
(de facto)
Imperial Style: Huangdi, Bixia Da Qing Chao, Tianzi, Wansui "His Imperial Majesty
the Emperor of the Great Qing Dynasty, Son of Heaven, Lord of Ten Thousand Years".
Orders: K'ung Ch'ueh Ling (Order of the Peacock Feather)
Shuang Lung Pao Hsing (Imperial Order of the Double Dragon).
Ta Pao Chang (Most Precious Order of the Imperial Throne).
Ch'ing Lung Hsün (Order of the Black Dragon).
Lan Ling (Order of the Plume).
King P'ai (The Soldiers Medal).
Note: n July 1917 a Qing loyalist warlord - Zhang Xun (1854-1923), captured Beijing and briefly attempted to restore the imperial system. The 'Manchu restoration' was quickly quashed by government troops and was largely symbolic. According to the Terms of Favourable Treatment negotiated between the the Qing court and the Republican government, the imperial household continued to maintain the imperial system within the Forbidden City until they were expelled by another warlord, Feng Yuxiang (1882-1948) in 1924. During this period the Forbidden City was called the "little court" and continued to be financially subsidised by the republican government who continued to pay
homage to the former dynasty as if it were still ruling.
Taiping (T'ai-p'ing)
11 Jan 1851 Taiping tianguo (Heavenly Realm of Great Peace),
a major anti-Qing rebellious polity in Jiangxi, Zhejiang,
southern Anhui and eastern Hubei
25 Oct 1864 Kingdom extinguished by Qing forces
Aug 1871 Rebellion finally extinguished
Capital: Tianjing (Tienking).
Language: Hakka Chinese.
Religion: Bai Shangdi Hui (God Worshipping Society).
Currency: Shengbao.
Kings
11 Jan 1851 - 01 Jun 1864 Hong Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-ch'üan) ......... 1814-1864
nianhao: Yuannian
01 Jun - 25 Oct 1864 Hong Tianguifu (Hong T'ien-kuei-fu) ..... 1848-1864
Republic of China (Warlord Era)
10 Oct 1911 Republican revolution
01 Jan 1912 Republic of China
22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916 Great Empire of China
01 Jul - 12 Jul 1917 Brief restoration of Qing Empire
12 Jul 1917 - 02 Jun 1928 Warlord era
08 Dec 1949 - Defeated Nationalist government establishes itself in Taiwan
Grand Marshal
30 Nov 1911 - 01 Jan 1912 Li Yuanhung (Li Yüan-hung) ............. 1864-1928
Presidents
01 Jan - 10 Mar 1912 Sun Zhongshan* (Sun Yat-sen) ........... 1866-1925
(provisional)
10 Mar 1912 - 06 Jun 1916 Yuan Shikai (Yüan Shih-k'ai) ........... s.a
(provisional to 10 Oct 1913,
Emperor 22 Dec 1915 - 22 Mar 1916)
06 Jun 1916 - 01 Jul 1917 Li Yuanhong (Li Yüan-hung) (1st Time) .. s.a
17 Jul 1917 - 10 Oct 1918 Duke Feng Guozhang (Feng Kuo-chang) .... 1859-1919
10 Oct 1918 - 02 Jun 1922 Xu Shichiang (Hsü Shih-ch'ang) ......... 1855-1939
02 Jun - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (Chow Tzu-ch'i) .............. 1871-1923
(acting)
11 Jun 1922 - 13 Jun 1923 Li Yuanhong (2nd Time)
13 Jun - 09 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng ......................... 1879-1928
09 Jun - 10 Oct 1923 Gao Lingwei (Kao Ling-wei) ............. 1868-1943
10 Oct 1923 - 02 Nov 1924 Cao Kun (Ts'ao K'un) ................... 1862-1938
02 Nov - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu ............................... 1880-1936
24 Nov 1924 - 20 Apr 1926 Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui) ............. 1865-1936
20 Apr - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (Hu Wei-te) ................... 1863-1933
13 May - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (Yen Hui-Ch'ing) ........... 1877-1950
22 Jun - 01 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (Tu Hsi-Kuei) ................. 1874-1933
01 Oct 1926 - 17 Jun 1927 Gu Weijan (Koo Wei-chün) ............... 1887-1985
18 Jun 1927 - 02 Jun 1928 Zhang Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin) ........... 1873-1928
Premiers
20 Jan - 10 Mar 1912 Yuan Shikai ............................ s.a
13 Mar - 27 Jun 1912 Tang Shaoyi ............................ 1860-1938
29 Jun - 25 Sep 1912 Lu Zhengxiang (Lou Tseng-tsiang) ....... 1871-1949
25 Sep 1912 - 01 May 1913 Zhao Bingjun ........................... 1859-1914
01 May - 31 Jul 1913 Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui) ............. s.a
(acting)
31 Jul 1913 - 12 Feb 1914 Xiong Xiling (Hsiung Hsi-ling) ......... 1870-1941
12 Feb - 30 Apr 1914 Sun Baoqi (Sun Pao-ch'i) ............... 1867-1931
(acting)
01 May 1914 - 22 Dec 1915 Xu Shichang (Hsü Shih-ch'ang) (1st Time) s.a
(acting)
22 Mar - 23 Apr 1916 Xu Shichang (2nd Time)
23 Apr 1916 - 23 May 1917 Duan Qirui (Tung Ch'i-jui) (2nd Time)
23 May - 28 May 1917 Wu Tingfang (Wu Cai) ................... 1842-1922
28 May - 02 Jun 1917 Li Jingxi (Li Ching-hsi) (1st Time) .... 1859-1925
02 Jun - 12 Jun 1917 Xu Shichang ............................ s.a
12 Jun - 24 Jun 1917 Jiang Chaozong (Chiang Chao-tsung) ..... 1861-1943
24 Jun - 01 Jul 1917 Li Jingxi (2nd time)
14 Jul - 30 Nov 1917 Duan Qirui (2nd time)
30 Nov 1917 - 23 Mar 1918 Weng Shizhen (Weng Shih-chen) .......... 1861-1930
23 Mar - 10 Oct 1918 Duan Qirui (3rd time)
10 Oct 1918 - 13 Jun 1919 Qian Nengxun (Ch'iang Neng-hsü) ........ 1869-1924
13 Jun - 24 Sep 1919 Gong Xinzhan (Kung Hsin-chan) .......... 1869-1943
24 Sep 1919 - 14 May 1920 Jin Yunpeng (Chin Yün-p'eng) (1st Time) 1877-1951
(acting to 5 Nov 1919)
14 May - 09 Aug 1920 Sa Zhenbing (Sa Chen-ping) ............. 1859-1952
09 Aug 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 Jin Yunpeng (2nd Time)
(acting)
18 Dec - 24 Dec 1921 Yan Huiqing (Yen Hui-ch'ing) (1st time) s.a
24 Dec 1921 - 25 Jan 1922 Liang Shiyi (Liang Shih-i) ............. 1869-1933
25 Jan - 08 Apr 1922 Yan Huiqing (2nd Time)
(acting)
08 Apr - 11 Jun 1922 Zhou Ziqi (Chou Tzu-ch'i) .............. s.a
(acting)
11 Jun - 05 Aug 1922 Yan Huiqing (3rd time)
05 Aug - 29 Nov 1922 Wang Chonghui (Wang Ch'ung-hui) ........ 1881-1958
29 Nov - 11 Dec 1922 Wang Daxie ............................. 1859-1929
(acting)
11 Dec 1922 - 04 Jan 1923 Wang Zhengting (Wang Cheng-t'ing) ...... 1882-1961
04 Jan - 09 Sep 1923 Zhang Shaozeng (Chang Shao-tseng) ...... s.a
09 Sep 1923 - 12 Jan 1924 Gao Lingwei (Kao Ling-wei).............. s.a
(acting)
12 Jan - 04 Jun 1924 Sun Baoqi (Sun Pao-ch'i) ............... s.a
04 Jun - 14 Sep 1924 Gu Weijun (Ku Wei-chün) (1st Time) ..... s.a
14 Sep - 31 Oct 1924 Yan Huiqing (4th time)
02 Nov - 24 Nov 1924 Huang Fu ............................... s.a
(acting)
26 Dec 1925 - 04 Mar 1926 Xu Shiying (Hsü Shih-yiang) ............ 1873-1964
04 Mar - 20 Apr 1926 Jia Deyao (Chia Te-yao) ................ 1881-1940
20 Apr - 13 May 1926 Hu Weide (Hu Wei-te) ................... s.a
(acting)
13 May - 22 Jun 1926 Yan Huiqing (5th time)
22 Jun - 01 Oct 1926 Du Xigui (Tu Hsi-kuei) ................. s.a
(acting)
01 Oct 1926 - 18 Jun 1927 Gu Weijun (2nd Time)
(acting)
18 Jun 1927 - 02 Jun 1928 Pan Fu (P'an Fu) ....................... s.a
Note: The Republic of China (1912-1949) was an unstable era where the central
government did not exercise full authority over the country. During the revolution of 1911 the local warlords had seized control over the provinces
where they were based and ruled independently of the central government in Nanjing. In 1915 the former Qing statesman and warlord, Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor of the Empire of China with the intention of starting his own ruling dynasty, however this proclamation was soon rescinded due to overwhelming domestic opposition and a lack of foreign support. The accession rites planned
for 01 January 1916 were never carried out leading most historians to dismiss Yuan's 'empire' as an insignificant event.
Republic of China (Nationalist)
01 Jul 1925 Nationalist government established in Kwangchow
07 Feb 1928 Reset in Nanking
1937 - 1945 Partly occupied by Japan, Nationalist governments relocates
to Chungking in Southwest China
30 Mar 1940 - 16 Aug 1945 Pro-Japanese National Government set up in Nanking
08 Dec 1949 - Defeated Nationalist government establishes itself in Taiwan
Presidents of the National Government
07 Feb - 10 Dec 1928 Tan Yankai (T'an Y'en-k'ai) ............ 1880-1930 KMT
10 Oct 1928 - 15 Dec 1931 Jiang Zhongzheng (Chiang Kai-shek) ..... 1887-1975 KMT
(1st Time)
15 Dec 1931 - 01 Aug 1943 Lin Sen ................................ 1867-1943 KMT
(acting to 12 Jan 1932)
30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Zhaoming "Wang Jingwei" ........... 1883-1944
(Wang Chao-ming)
(Pro-Japanese leader in Nanking [in Japan from 03 Mar 1944])
01 Aug 1943 - 21 Jan 1949 Jiang Zhongzheng (2nd Time)
22 Mar 1944 - 16 Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo (Ch'en Kung-po) ............ 1892-1946
(Pro-Japanese president in Nanking)
21 Jan 1949 - 28 Feb 1950 Li Zongren (Li Tsung-jen) .............. 1890-1969 KMT
(fled to Taiwan 08 Dec 1949)
Premiers
10 Oct 1928 - 22 Sep 1930 Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai) ............. s.a
22 Sep - 04 Dec 1930 Song Ziwen (Sung Tzu-wen) .............. 1894-1971 KMT
04 Dec 1930 - 15 Dec 1931 Jiang Zhongzheng (Chiang Kai-shek) (1st Time)
15 Dec - 28 Dec 1931 Chen Mingshu (Ch'en Ming-shu) .......... 1890-1965 KMT
28 Dec 1931 - 28 Jun 1932 Sun Ke (Sun K'o) ....................... 1895-1973 KMT
28 Jun 1932 - 07 Dec 1935 Wang Zhaoming (Wang Chao-ming)
07 Dec 1935 - 31 Dec 1937 Chiang Kai Shek (2nd Time)
01 Jan 1938 - 20 Nov 1939 Kong Xiangxi (Kung Hsiang-hsi) ......... 1880-1967 KMT
20 Nov 1939 - 31 May 1945 Chiang Kai Shek (3rd Time)
30 Mar 1940 - 10 Nov 1944 Wang Zhaoming "Wang Kingwei" ........... s.a
(in Nanking)
10 Nov - 12 Nov 1944 Zhou Fohai (Chow Fi-hai) ............... 1897-1948
(acting)
12 Nov 1944 - 16 Aug 1945 Chen Gongbo (Ch'en Kong-po) ............ s.a
(in Nanking)
01 Jun 1945 - 28 Feb 1947 Song Ziwen (2nd Time)
01 Mar - 18 Apr 1947 Chiang Kai Shek (4th Time)
18 Apr 1947 - 24 May 1948 Zhang Qun (Chang Ch'ün) ................ 1889-1990 KMT
24 May - 26 Nov 1948 Weng Wenhao (Weng Wen-hao) ............. 1889-1971 KMT
26 Nov 1948 - 12 Mar 1949 Sun Fo (2nd Time)
12 Mar - 03 Jun 1949 He Yingqin (Ho Ying-ch'in) ............. 1889-1987 KMT
03 Jun 1949 - 07 Mar 1950 Yan Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan) .............. 1883-1960 KMT
(In Taiwan from 08 Dec 1949)
Though the Kuomintang eventually succeded in pacifying the various warlords, the republic never managed to establish absolute authority over China and continued to be faced by internal rebellions and foreign agression; culminating with Japanese invasion in 1937. After 1945 the Kuomintang gradually lost control over the mainland to the Communist insurgencey that had raged since the 1920s. The republican government relocated to the island of Taiwan in December 1949 where it has remained ever since continuing to claim sovereignty over the mainland. The republic continued to hold China's U.N seat until 1971 and maintained U.S recognition as the legitimate government of China until 1979.
People's Republic of China
01 Dec 1931 - 15 Nov 1934 Chinese Soviet Republic in Jiangxi
01 Oct 1949 - People's Republic of China
Government: People's Republic.
Capital: Beijing.
Language: Mandarin, Cantonese, Tibetan, Urgur, Mongolian, Manchu, Wu.
Religion: Confucianism. Taoism, Buddhism, Islam, Christian.
National Anthem: "Yijongjun Jinxingqu" (March of the volunteers).
National Emblem:
National Day: 1st October, founding of the P.R.C (1949).
National Motto: None.
Currency: Yuan.
Chairmen of the Communist Party
20 Mar 1943 - 09 Sep 1976 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) ............... 1893-1976
07 Oct 1976 - 30 Jun 1981 Su Zhu Hua Guofeng (Hua Kuo-feng) ....... 1921-2008
General Secretaries of the Communist Party
1956 - Jun 1966 Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing) ........ 1904-1997
(De facto leader 1978 - 1992)
1966 - 29 Feb 1980 Post abolished
29 Feb 1980 - 16 Jan 1987 Hu Yaobang .............................. 1915-1989
16 Jan 1987 - 24 Jun 1989 Zhao Ziyang ............................. 1919-2005
24 Jun 1989 - 15 Nov 2002 Jiang Zemin ............................. 1926-2022
15 Nov 2002 - 15 Nov 2012 Hu Jintao ............................... 1942-
15 Nov 2012 - Xi Jinping .............................. 1953-
Presidents
01 Oct 1949 - 27 Apr 1959 Mao Zedong .............................. (s.a)
27 Apr 1959 - 31 Oct 1968 Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i) .............. 1898-1969
31 Oct 1968 - 17 Jan 1975 Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu) .................. 1886-1975
31 Oct 1968 - 24 Feb 1972 Soong Qingling .......................... 1893-1981
(1st Time, co-president)
17 Feb 1975 - 06 Jul 1976 Zhu De (Chu Te) ......................... 1886-1976
06 Jul 1976 - 05 Mar 1978 Soong Qingling (2nd Time)
05 Mar 1978 - 18 Jun 1983 Ye Jianying ............................. 1897-1986
16 May - 28 May 1981 Soong Qingling
(3rd Time, Honorary President)
18 Jun 1983 - 08 Apr 1988 Li Xiannain ............................. 1909-1992
08 Apr 1988 - 27 Mar 1993 Yang Xangkun ............................ 1907-1998
27 Mar 1993 - 15 Mar 2003 Jiang Zemin ............................. (s.a)
15 Mar 2003 - 14 Mar 2013 Hu Jintao ............................... (s.a)
14 Mar 2013 - Xi Jinping .............................. (s.a)
Premiers
01 Oct 1949 - 08 Jan 1976 Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai) ................ 1898-1976
08 Jan 1976 - 10 Sep 1980 Hua Su Zhu Guofeng ...................... (s.a)
10 Sep 1980 - 24 Nov 1987 Zhao Zuyang ............................. (s.a)
24 Nov 1987 - 17 Mar 1998 Li Peng ................................. 1928-
17 Mar 1998 - 16 Mar 2003 Zhu Rongji .............................. 1928-
16 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2013 Wen Jiabao .............................. 1942-
15 Mar 2013 - 11 Mar 2023 Li Keqiang .............................. 1955-2023
11 Mar 2023 - Li Qiang ................................ 1959-