508 BC Roman Republic
27 BC Roman Empire
68 - 69 AD "Year of the five emperors"
260 - 274 AD Secession of the provinces of Britanica, Gallia and Belgica,
retrospectively known as Imperium Galliarum (Gallic Empire)
04 Sep 476 Last Roman Emperor is deposed
25 Dec 800 Charlamagne crowned Roman Emperor
Capital: Rome.
Government: Autocracy.
Language: Latin, Greek.
Religion: Roman Religion (Christianity after 380) Paganism, Judaism.
National Anthem: None.
National Motto: SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanus).
Currency: Aureus (Gold), Denarius (Silva), Sestertius (Bronze), As (Copper).
Emperors
Oct 49 - 15 Mar 44 Iulius I Ceaser .......................................... 102-44
15 Mar 44 - 42 Marcus Antonius ........................................... 83-30
42 - Jan 27 Circeo
16 Jan 27 BC - 19 Aug AD 14 Iulio-Claudia, Gaius Lulius Octavianus .............. 63-19
18 Sep 14 - 16 Mar 37 Iulio-Claudia, Tiberius I Claudius Nero ................... 42-37
18 Mar 37 - 24 Jan 41 Iulio-Claudia, Gaius Julius "Caligula" .................... 12-41
26 Jan 41 - 13 Oct 54 Iulio-Claudia, Tiberius II Claudius
Caesur Augustus Germanicus ............................... 10-51
13 Oct 54 - 11 Jun 68 Iulio-Claudia, Nero Claudius Augustus Germanicus .......... 37-68
11 Jun 68 - 15 Jan 69 Galba
15 Jan - 16 Apr 69 Otho
17 Apr - 20 Dec 69 Vitellius
01 Jul 69 - 24 Jun 79 Flavius, Vespasian Augustus ............................... 9-79
(in opposition to Vitellius to 20 Dec 69)
24 Jun 79 - 13 Sep 81 Flavius, Titus Vespasianus Augustus ....................... 39-81
14 Sep 81 - 18 Sep 96 Flavius, Domitianus Augustus .............................. 51-96
(Five Good Emperors)
18 Sep 96 - 27 Jan 98 Antonin, Marcus Cocceius Nerva ............................ 30-98
28 Jan 98 - 07 Aug 117 Antonin, Traianus Divi Nervae fili Augustus .............. 53-117
11 Aug 117 - 10 Jul 138 Antonin, Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus .............. 76-138
10 Jul 138 - 07 Mar 161 Antonin, Titus Aurelius Fulvus
Boionilus Arrius Antionius Pius ........................ 86-161
07 Mar 161 - 17 Mar 180 Antonin, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus ............. 121-180
07 Mar 161 - Mar 169 Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus Armeniacus ............... 130-169
(co-Emperor with Marcus Aurelius)
17 Mar 180 - 31 Dec 192 Marcus Aurelius Commodus I Antoninus .................... 161-192
01 Jan - 28 Mar 193 Publius Helvius Pertinax I .............................. 126-193
28 Mar - 01 Jun 193 Marcus Didius Salvius Julianus I Severus ................ 133-193
09 Apr 193 - 04 Feb 211 Severan, Lucius Septimius Severus ....................... 146-211
198 - 08 Apr 217 Severan, Caracalla
(co-Emperor to 211)
209 - 26 Dec 211 Severan, Geta
(co-Emperor)
11 Apr 217 - 08 Jun 218 Severan, Macrinus
May 217 - 08 Jun 218 Severan, Diadumenian
(Junior Emperor)
08 Jun 218 - 11 Mar 222 Severan, Elagabus
01 Oct 208 - 18 Mar 235 Severan, Alexander Serverus
20 Mar 235 - Apr 238 Maximinus I
22 Mar - 12 Ape 238 Gordian I
(co Emperor with Gordian II,
in opposition to Maximinus I)
22 Mar - 12 Apr 238 Gordian II
22 Mar - 29 Jul 238 Pupienus Maximus
(co-Emperor with Balbinus)
22 Apr - 29 Jul 238 Balbinus
(co-Emperor)
22 Apr 238 - 11 Feb 244 Gordian III
(co-Emperor with Balbinus to 29 Jul 238)
11 Feb 244 - Oct 249 Phillip I "The Arab"
Oct 249 - Jun 251 Decius
Jan - Jun 251 Herennius Etruscus
(co-Emperor with Decius)
Jun - Nov 251 Hostilian
Jun 251 - Aug 253 Trebonianus Gallus
(in opposition to Hostilian)
Nov 251 - Aug 253 Volusianus
(co-Emperor with Trebonianus Gallus
Aug - Oct 253 Aemilianus
Oct 253 - 260 Valerian
Oct 253 - Sep 268 Gallienus
(co-Emperor with Valerian to 260)
Sep 268 - Jan 270 Claudius Gothicus
Jan - Sep 270 Quintillus
Sep 270 - Sep 275 Aurelian
25 Sep 275 - Jun 276 Tacitus
Jun - Sep 276 Florianus
(Western Emperor)
Sep 276 - Oct 282 Probus
Oct 282 - Aug 283 Carus
Aug 283 - 284 Numerian
Aug 283 - 285 Carinus
(co-Emperor with Numerian)
20 Nov 284 - 01 May 305 Diocletian, Diocletian
(Senior co-Emperor to 286)
01 Apr 286 - 01 May 305 Diocletian, Maximianus I
(Senior co-Emperor for the West)
01 May 305 - May 311 Diocletian, Galerius I
(Junior co-Emperor)
01 May 305 - 25 Jul 306 Diocletian, Constantius I
(Junior co-Emperor)
25 Jul 306 - Apr 307 Diocletian, Severus II
(Senior Emperor, opposed by Constantine I)
25 Jul 306 - 22 May 337 Diocletian, Constantine I
(Senior Emperor in West from 307)
28 Oct 306 - 28 Oct 312 Diocletian, Maxentius I
(In opposition to Constantine I and Severus II)
11 Nov 308 - 18 Sep 324 Diocletian, Licinius
(Western Emperor, Eastern Emperor from 311)
01 May 311 - Aug 313 Diocletian, Maxinimus Daia II
(co-Senior Emperor)
Dec 316 - 01 Mar 317 Diocletian, Valence I
(co-Emperor; executed 317)
Jul - 18 Sep 324 Diocletian, Martinianus I
(Western co-Emperor with Licinius; executed 325)
22 May 337 - 340 Diocletian, Constantine II
(co-Emperor with Constantius II & Constans)
22 May 337 - 03 Nov 361 Diocletian, Constantius II
(co-Emperor to 350)
22 May 337 - 350 Diocletian, Constans I
(co-Emperor)
Feb 361 - 26 Jun 363 Diocletian, Julian IV
(Western Emperor 355-60; sole Emperor from 361)
26 Jun 363 - 17 Feb 364 Diocletian, Jovian
26 Feb 364 - 17 Nov 375 Valentinian I
28 Mar 364 - 09 Aug 378 Valens II
(co-Eastern Emperor)
04 Aug 367 - 25 Aug 383 Gratian
(co-Emperor to 375)
17 Nov 375 - 15 May 392 Valentinian II
01 Jan 379 - 17 Jan 395 Theodosius I
Jan 383 - 01 May 408 Arcadius
(Junior Emperor for the East to 395)
23 Jan 393 - 15 Aug 423 Honorius
(Junior Emperor for the West to 395)
01 May 408 - 28 Jul 450 Theodosius II
(Eastern Emperor)
08 Feb - 02 Sep 421 Constantius III
(co-Emperor for the West)
27 Aug 423 - May 425 Joannes
(Senior civil servant under Honorius)
23 Oct 425 - 16 Mar 455 Valentinian III ......................................... 419-455
(Western Emperor in opposition to Joannes)
Aug 450 - Jan 457 Marcian
(Nominated successor, Eastern Emperor)
17 Mar - 31 May 455 Petronius Maximus ....................................... 396-455
09 Jul 455 - 17 Oct 456 Avitius ................................................. 380-457
17 Oct 456 - 01 Apr 457 Vacant
01 Apr 457 - 02 Aug 461 Majorian ................................................ 420-461
19 Nov 461 - 15 Aug 465 Libius Severus .......................................... 420-465
15 Aug 465 - 12 Apr 467 Vacant
12 Apr 467 - 11 Jul 471 Anthemius ............................................... 420-472
11 Jul - 02 Nov 472 Olybrius
02 Nov 472 - 03 Mar 473 Vacant
03 Mar 473 - Jun 474 Glycerius ............................................... 420-480
Jun 474 - 22 Jun 480 Julius Nepos ............................................ 430-480
(Ruling in Dalmatia only from 28 Aug 475)
31 Oct 475 - 04 Sep 476 Romulus Augustulus ...................................... 461-507?
Capital: Rome in 800, Frankfurt and Vienna.
Government: Elective Monarchy.
Language: Latin, German, Italian, French, Czech, Flemish, Polish, Slovene.
Religion: Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, Jewish.
Emperors
25 Dec 800 - 28 Jan 814 Carolingian, Carolus I Magnus (Charlamagne) ............. 742-814
(Frankish King, First Holy Roman Emperor)
28 Jan 814 - 20 Jun 840 Carolingian, Ludovicus I Pius ........................... 778-840
817 - 23 Sep 855 Carolingian, Lotharius I ................................ 795-855
29 Sep 855 - 12 Aug 875 Carolingian, Ludovicus II "the German" .................. 810-876
(King of East Fresia and Baveria)
29 Dec 875 - 06 Oct 877 Carolingian, Carolus II "the bald" ...................... 830-880
12 Feb 881 - 12 Jan 888 Carolingian, Carolus III "the fat" ...................... 839-888
12 Jan 888 - 02 Feb 891 Interrengnum
02 Feb 891 - 12 Dec 894 Guideschi, Guido di Spoleto.............................. 8..-894
30 Apr 892 - 15 Oct 898 Guideschi, Lamberto di Spoleto .......................... 8..-898
(in rebellion)
22 Feb 896 - 08 Dec 899 Carolingian, Arnulphus .................................. 855-899
08 Dec 899 - 22 Feb 901 Hatto, Archbishop of Mainz (1st Time) ................... 850-913
(Imperial Chancellor)
22 Feb 901 - 24 Sep 911 Carolingian, Ludovicus III .............................. 893-911
24 Sep - 10 Nov 911 Hatto, Archbishop of Mainz (2nd Time)
(Imperial Chancellor)
10 Nov 911 - 23 Dec 918 Carolingian, Conrad I "the young" ....................... 890-918
Dec 915 - 07 Apr 924 Unruoching, Berengarius I of Italy ...................... 845-924
23 Dec 918 - 02 Jul 936 Ludolfinger, Henricus I ................................. 876-936
(uncrowned)
919 - 921 Ludolfinger, Arnulphus .................................. 9..-937
(Arnulf the Bad, rival Emperor)
07 Apr 924 - 02 Feb 962 Interrengnum
02 Feb 962 - 07 May 973 Ludolfinger, Ottone I "il Grande" ....................... 912-973
25 Dec 967 - 07 Dec 983 Ludolfinger, Ottone II .................................. 955-983
25 Dec 983 - 15 Jun 990 Makedonikis, Theophanu Tzimiksis ........................ 955-991
(empress-regent)
15 Jun 990 - 06 Jul 994 Adelheid of Burgundy .................................... 931-999
(empress-regent)
21 May 996 - 21 Jan 1002 Ludolfinger, Ottone III ................................ 980-1002
14 Feb 1014 - 13 Jul 1024 Ludolfinger, St. Henricus "the Exuberant" ............. 973-1024
26 Mar 1027 - 04 Jun 1039 Salier, Conrad II "the Elder" ......................... 999-1039
25 Dec 1046 - 05 Oct 1056 Salier, Henricus III .................................. 1017-1056
01 Apr 1084 - 07 Aug 1106 Salier, Henricus IV ................................... 1050-1106
13 Apr 1111 - 23 May 1125 Salier, Henricus V .................................... 1086-1125
04 Jun 1133 - 04 Dec 1137 Supplinburg, Lotharius II ............................. 1075-1137
(Duke of Saxony)
07 Mar 1138 - 15 Feb 1152 Hohenstaufen, Conrad III .............................. 1093-1152
(Duke of Franconia)
30 Mar 1147 - 1150 Henricus Berengar ..................................... 1136-1150
(co-Emperor with Konrad III)
18 Jun 1155 - 10 Jun 1190 Hohenstaufen, Fridericus I Aenobarbus" ................ 1122-1190
(Duke of Swabia)
14 Apr 1191 - 28 Sep 1197 Hohenstaufen, Henricus VI ............................. 1165-1197
(Duke of Thuringia)
21 Oct 1209 - 05 Jul 1212 Hohenstaufen, Ottone IV ............................... 1175-1218
22 Nov 1220 - 13 Dec 1250 Hohenstaufen, Fridericus II ........................... 1194-1250
(deposed by Pope Innocent IV in 1245)
26 Dec 1250 - 01 May 1254 Hohenstaufen, Conrad III .............................. 1228-1254
(uncrowned)
1245 - 29 Jun 1312 Great Interrengnum
29 Jun 1312 - 24 Aug 1313 Luxemburg, Henricus VII ............................... 1275-1313
(Count of Luxemburg)
17 Jan 1328 - 11 Oct 1347 Wittlesbach, Ludovicus IV ............................. 1282-1347
(Duke of Baveria, King of Italy)
05 Apr 1355 - 29 Nov 1378 Luxemburg, Carolus IV ................................. 1316-1378
(Karel IV of Bohemia)
29 Nov 1378 - 31 May 1433 Later Interrengnum
31 May 1433 - 09 Dec 1437 Luxemburg, Sigismundus ................................ 1368-1437
(Sigismund of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia)
Emperors-elect (always from the House of Habsburg, except Karl VII and Franz I)
09 Dec 1437 - 18 Mar 1438 Imperial Vicars
- Wettin, Friedrich II, Kurfurst von Sachsen (1st Time)
- Ludwig IV, Kurfurst von Pfalz und Rhein (1st Time)
18 Mar 1438 - 27 Oct 1439 Habsburg, Albertus II (Did not except) ................ 1397-1439
(Albert II of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia)
27 Oct 1439 - 02 Feb 1440 Imperial Vicars
- Wettin, Friedrich II, Elector of Sachsen (2nd Time)
- Ludwig IV, Elected of Pfalz und Rhein (2nd Time)
02 Feb 1440 - 19 Aug 1493 Habsburg, Fridericus III .............................. 1415-1493
(Archduke Frederick of Austria)
19 Aug 1493 - 12 Jan 1519 Habsburg, Maximilian I ................................ 1459-1519
(Archduke Maximilian I of Austria)
12 Jan - 28 Jun 1519 Imperial Victors
- Wettin, Friedrich III, Elector of Sachsen
- Ludwig V, Elected of Pfalz und Rhein
28 Jun 1519 - 16 Jan 1556 Habsburg, Karl V ...................................... 1500-1558
(Archduke Charles of Austria)
16 Feb 1556 - 25 Jul 1564 Habsburg, Ferdinand I ................................. 1503-1564
(Archduke Ferdinand of Austria)
25 Jul 1564 - 12 Oct 1576 Habsburg, Maximilian II ............................... 1527-1576
(Maximilian of Bohemia, Archduke of Austria)
27 Oct 1576 - 20 Jan 1612 Habsburg, Rudolf II ................................... 1552-1612
(Rudolf of Hungary, Archduke of Austria)
20 Jan - 13 Jun 1612 Imperial Vicars
- Friedrich V von Pfalz und Rhein (1st Time)
- Wettin, Johann Georg I von Sachsen (1st Time)
13 Jun 1612 - 20 Mar 1619 Habsburg, Matthias II ................................. 1557-1619
19 Mar - 28 Aug 1619 Imperial Vicars
- Friedrich V von Pfalz und Rhein (2nd Time)
- Wettin, Johann Georg I von Sachsen (2nd Time)
28 Aug 1619 - 15 Feb 1637 Habsburg, Ferdinand III ............................... 1578-1637
15 Feb 1637 - 02 Apr 1657 Habsburg, Ferdinand IV ................................ 1608-1657
02 Apr 1657 - 18 Jul 1658 Imperial Vicars
- Karl I Ludwig Graf von Pfalz und Rhein
- Johann Georg II Graf von Sachsen
18 Jul 1658 - 05 May 1705 Habsburg, Leopold I ................................... 1640-1705
05 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711 Habsburg, Joseph I .................................... 1678-1711
17 Apr - 12 Oct 1711 Imperial Vicars
- Johann Wilhelm I Freiherr von Pfalz und Rhein ......... 1658-1716
- Wettin, Friedrich August I Graf von Sachsen ........... 1670-1740
12 Oct 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Habsburg, Karl VI ..................................... 1685-1740
(Charles of Austria)
20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742 Imperial Vicars
- Wittlesbach, Karl Albrecht Graf von Bayern ............ 1697-1745
- Wettin, Friedrich August II Graf von Sachsen .......... 1696-1763
14 Jan 1742 - 20 Jan 1745 Wittlesbach,, Karl VII
(Charles of Baveria)
20 Jan - 13 Sep 1745 Imperial Vicars
- Wittlesbach, Maximilian II Josef Graf von Bayern ...... 1727-1777
- Wettin, Friedrich August II Graf von Sachsen (2nd Time)
13 Sep 1745 - 18 Aug 1765 Vaudemont, Franz I Stephan ............................ 1708-1765
(Duke Francis of Lorraine)
18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790 Habsburg, Joseph II ................................... 1741-1790
20 Feb - 30 Sep 1790 Imperial Vicars
- Karl IV Philipp Theodor Freiherr von Pfalz und Rhein .. 1724-1799
(1st Time)
- Wettin, Friedrich August III Graf von Sachsen ......... 1750-1827
(1st Time)
01 Oct 1790 - 01 Mar 1792 Habsburg, Leopold II .................................. 1747-1792
01 Mar - 07 Jul 1792 Imperial Vicars
- Karl IV Philipp Theodor Freiherr von Pfalz und Rhein (2nd Time)
- Wettin, Friedrich August III Graf von Sachsen (2nd Time)
07 Jul 1792 - 26 Dec 1805 Habsburg, Franz II .................................... 1768-1835
Emperor styled, (Lat: Romanorum Imperator Augustus) Roman Emperor Augustus, King of the Germans, (Ger: Römisch-deutscher Kaiser). Old Latin style: Rex Teutonicus.