Türkmenistan

998 - 1231 Qara Khanate

1855 - 1884 Khanate of Merv

1879 - 1885 Gradual Russian conquest

18 May 1881 Trans-Caspian Oblast

18 Dec 1917 Bolshevik rule in Ashkhabat

30 Apr 1918 Part of the Turkestan A.S.S.R

Jul 1918 - Jan 1920 Transcaspia Khanate

14 Jul 1918 Transcaspian oblast recreated by anti-Bolshevik forces

16 Jul 1918 - 05 Apr 1919 British occupation

06 Feb 1920 Occupied by Bolshevik forces

07 Aug 1921 Turkmen oblast (within Soviet Russia)

27 Oct 1924 Turkmen Socialist Soviet Republic proclaimed

13 May 1925 Accession to the U.S.S.R

05 Dec 1936 Turkmen S.S.R

22 Aug 1990 Declaration of State sovereignty

26 Oct 1991 Referendum supports independence from the U.S.S.R by 96%

27 Oct 1991 Independence declared (Turkmenistan)

31 Dec 1991 Independence effective

Trans-Caspian

Governors

06 May 1881 - 22 Mar 1883 Pyotr Thyodorovich Rerberg

22 Mar 1883 - 27 Mar 1890 Aleksandr Vissarionovich Komarov

27 Mar 1890 - 31 Dec 1897 Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin

19 Oct 1898 - 12 Jul 1900 Andrey Andreyevich Bogolyubov

10 Apr 1901 - 14 Dec 1902 Dejan Ivanovich Subbotic

14 Dec 1902 - 05 Dec 1905 Evgeny Evgenyevich Usakovsky

05 Dec 1905 - 10 Feb 1908 Vladimir Andreyevich Kosarovsky

10 Feb 1908 - 31 Dec 1910 Mikhail Dmitryevich Evreinov

01 Jan 1911 - 15 Jan 1913 Thyodor Aleksandrovich Shostak

15 Jan 1913 - 1916 Leonid Vasilyevich Lesh

1916 - 1917 Nikolay Klavdiyevich Kolmakov

(acting)

Chairmen of the Transcaspian Oblast Council of People's Commissars

18 Dec 1917 - 12 Jan 1918 Vladislav Nikonovich

12 Jan - Feb 1918 Boris Ilich Tezin (1st Time) ................... 1893-1918

Feb - Apr 1918 Zinoviy Isayevich Pechatnikov .................. 1882-1935

Apr - 18 May 1918 Boris Ilich Tezin (2nd Time)

18 May - 12 Jul 1918 Vissarion Tadiozovich Teliya ................... 18..-1918

Chairmen of the Transcaspian oblast Executive Committee

14 Jul 1918 - 01 Jan 1919 Fyodor Adrianovich Funtikov .................... 1875-1926

Aug - Oct 1918 L. Kurylev

(acting for Funtikov)

Chairmen of the Public Saftey Committee

02 Jan - 14 Mar 1919 Lev Aleksandrovich Zimin ....................... 1886-1920

14 Mar - 08 Aug 1919 Oraz Serdar .................................... 1871-1929

Turkmenistan

Presidents

27 Oct 1991 - 21 Dec 2006 Saparmurad Ataý Nyýaz "Türkmenbashi" ........... 1940-2006

21 Dec 2006 - 19 Mar 2022 Gurbanguly "Arkadag" Mälikguli Berdjmukhammed .. 1957-

(acting until 14 Feb 2007)

19 Mar 2022 - Serdar Gurbanguli Berdjmukhammed ............... 1981-

Prime Minister

30 Oct 1990 - 13 Nov 1991 Khan Ahmed Akhmed .............................. 1936-2006