Nicaragua

12 Sep 1502               Discovered by Colombus, claimed for Aragon and Castille

       1521               Named for the 'Nicarao' tribal leader Macuilmiquiztil

                          in the area Nic-Anahuac ("here at the lake")

       1522 - 15 Sep 1821 Part of Guatemala, subordinated to New Spain

       1661 - 12 Sep 1861 British protectorate over the Mosquito Coast

15 Sep 1821               Kingdom of Guatamala declares independence

12 Oct 1821 - 02 Jul 1823 Part of Mexican Empire

02 May 1823 - 30 Apr 1838 Part of Central American Federation

22 Apr 1825               State of Nicaragua

30 Apr 1854               Republic of Nicaragua

12 Sep 1861               Mosquito coast under Nicaraguan sovereignty

20 Nov 1894               Kingdom of Mosquito fully incorporated into Nicaragua

15 Sep 1896 - 30 Nov 1898 Part of an abortive attempt to re-establish the

                          Central American Federation

17 Nov 1909 - 03 Jan 1933 U.S Protectorate

Supreme Directors

23 Apr      - 30 Jun 1839 Evaristo Rocha

30 Jun      - 27 Jul 1839 Patricio Rivas (1st Time)

27 Jul      - 20 Oct 1839 Joaquín del Cosío

20 Oct      - 07 Nov 1839 Hilario Ulloa

07 Nov 1839 - 21 Sep 1840 Tomás Valladares

21 Sep 1840 - 04 Mar 1841 Patricio Rivas (2nd Time)

04 Mar 1841 - 01 Apr 1843 Pablo Sánchez de Buitrago Sandoval y Benavent

01 Apr      - 31 May 1843 Juan de Dios Orozco

31 May 1843 - 04 Nov 1844 Manuel Pérez

04 Nov 1844 - 20 Jan 1845 Emiliano Madriz

20 Jan      - 04 Apr 1845 Manuel Antonio Blas Sáenz

04 Apr 1845 - 12 Mar 1847 José León Sandoval

12 Mar      - 06 Apr 1847 Miguel Ramón Morales

06 Apr 1847 - 31 Dec 1848 José María Guerrero de Acros y Molina

01 Jan      - 08 Mar 1849 Toribio Terán Prado

08 Mar      - 01 Apr 1849 Benito Rosales

01 Apr 1849 - 01 Apr 1851 Norberto Ramírez Areas

01 Apr      - 05 May 1851 Justo Abaúnza y Muñzo de Avilés (1st Time)

05 May      - 04 Aug 1851 José Laureano Pineda Ugarte (1st Time)

04 Aug      - 11 Nov 1851 Justo Abaúnza y Muñzo de Avilés (2nd Time)

11 Nov 1851 - 01 Apr 1853 José Laureano Pineda Ugarte (2nd Time)

01 Apr 1853 - 12 Mar 1855 Fruto Chamorro Pérez

Presidents

12 Mar      - 20 Mar 1855 Panciano Corral Acosta

20 Mar      - 25 Oct 1855 José María Estrada

25 Oct 1855 - 24 Jun 1857 Patricio Rivas

24 Jun      - 19 Oct 1857 Maximo José de Jesús Jerez y Telleria

19 Oct      - 15 Nov 1857 Gregorio Juárez Sacasa

                        - Rosalio Cortés Sánchez

15 Nov 1857 - 01 Mar 1867 Tomás Martínez Guerrero

01 Mar 1867 - 01 Mar 1871 Fernando Guzmán Solórzano

01 Mar 1871 - 01 Mar 1875 José Vincent de la Quadra y Rui Lugo

01 Mar 1875 - 01 Mar 1879 Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro

01 Mar 1879 - 01 Mar 1883 Joaquín Zavala Solís (1st Time)

01 Mar 1883 - 01 Mar 1887 Adán Cardenas y del Castillo

01 Mar 1887 - 01 Aug 1889 Evaristo Carazo Aranda

01 Aug      - 05 Aug 1889 Nicolás Osorno

05 Aug 1889 - 31 Dec 1890 Roberto Sacasa y Sarria (1st Time)

01 Jan      - 01 Mar 1891 Ignacio Chavaz López

01 Mar 1891 - 11 Jul 1893 Roberto Sacasa y Sarria (2nd Time)

30 Apr      - 20 May 1893 Eduardo Montiel (in disstance)

01 Jun      - 15 Jul 1893 Salvador Machado Agüero

16 Jul      - 30 Jul 1893 Joaquín Zavala Solís (2nd Time)

31 Jul 1893 - 21 Dec 1909 José Santos Zelaya López (2nd Time)

21 Dec 1909 - 20 Aug 1910 José Madriz Rodríguez

20 Aug      - 27 Aug 1910 José Dolores Estrada Morales

27 Aug      - 30 Aug 1910 Luis Mena Solórzano

30 Aug 1910 - 09 May 1911 Juan José Estrada Morales

09 May 1911 - 31 Dec 1916 Adolfo Díaz Recionos (1st Time)

01 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1920 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (1st Time)

01 Jan 1921 - 12 Oct 1923 Diego Manuel Chamorro Bolaños

12 Oct      - 27 Oct 1923 Rosendo Chamorro Oreamuno

27 Oct 1923 - 31 Dec 1924 Bartolomé Martínez González

01 Jan 1925 - 14 Mar 1926 Carlos José Solórzano Gutiérrez

14 Mar      - 11 Nov 1926 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (2nd Time)

11 Nov      - 14 Nov 1926 Sebastián Uriza

14 Nov 1926 - 31 Dec 1928 Adolfo Díaz Recionos (2nd Time)

01 Jan 1929 - 31 Dec 1932 José María Moncada Tapia

01 Jan 1933 - 09 Jun 1936 Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa

09 Jun      - 31 Dec 1936 Carlos Alberto Bredes Jarquín

01 Jan 1937 - 01 May 1947 Anastasio Somoza García (1st Time) .................. 1896-1956 Mil

                          (de facto ruler to 29 Sep 1956)

01 May      - 26 May 1947 Leonardo Argüello Barreto ........................... 1875-1947

26 May      - 15 Aug 1947 Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa .............................. 1884-1959

15 Aug 1947 - 06 May 1950 Victor Manuel Román y Reyes ......................... 1873-1950

06 May      - 07 May 1950 Manuel Fernando Zurita

                          (acting)

07 May 1950 - 29 Sep 1956 Anastasio Somoza García (2nd Time)

29 Sep 1956 - 01 May 1963 Luis Anastasio Somoza Debayle ....................... 1922-1967 Mil

                          (de facto ruler to 13 Apr 1967)

01 May 1963 - 03 Aug 1966 René Schick Gutiérrez ............................... 1909-1966

03 Aug      - 04 Aug 1966 Orlando Montenegro Medrano .......................... 1908-1988

04 Aug 1966 - 01 May 1967 Lorenzo Guerrero Gutiérrez .......................... 1900-1981

01 May 1967 - 30 Apr 1972 Anastasio Samoza Jesús Debayle (1st Time) ........... 1925-1980 Mil

                          (de facto ruler from 13 Apr 1967)

01 May 1972 - 30 Nov 1974 National Goverment Junta

                        - Roberto Martínez Lacayo ............................. 1899-1984

                        - Fernando Bernabé Agüero Rocha ....................... 1920-2011

                          (To 28 Feb 1973)

                        - Edmundo Paguaga Irías ............................... 1923-2008

                          (To 28 Feb 1973)

                        - Alfonso Lovo Cordero ................................ 1927-2018

01 Dec 1974 - 17 Jul 1979 Anastasio Samoza Jesús Debayle (2nd Time)

                          (de facto ruler from 30 Apr 1972)

17 Jul      - 18 Jul 1979 Francisco Urcuyo Maliaños ........................... 1915-2001

Junta of National Reconstruction

18 Jul 1979 - 19 Apr 1980 Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (1st Time) ....... 1929-

18 Jul 1979 - 22 Apr 1980 Luis Alfonso Robelo Callejas ........................ 1939-

18 Jul 1979 - 04 Mar 1981 Moisés Hassán Morales ............................... 1942-

18 Jul 1979 - 04 Mar 1981 Sergio Ramírez Mercado .............................. 1942-     FSLN

18 Jul 1979 - 10 Jan 1985 José Daniel Ortega Saavedra ......................... 1945-     FSLN

18 May 1980 - 04 Mar 1981 Arturo José Cruz Porras ............................. 1923-2013 FSLN

18 May 1980 - 10 Jan 1985 Rafael Ángel Cordóva Rivas .......................... 1923-2009

Presidents          

10 Jan 1985 - 25 Apr 1990 José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (1st Time) .............. (s.a)     FSLN

25 Apr 1990 - 10 Jan 1997 Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (2nd Time)

10 Jan 1997 - 10 Jan 2002 Arnoldo Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo ....................... 1946-     PLC

10 Jan 2002 - 10 Jan 2007 Enrique José Baleñdos Geyer ......................... 1928-2021 PLC

10 Jan 2007 -             José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (2nd Time)                          FSLN

Commanders of the U.S Forces

01 Jun      - 05 Sep 1910 Smedley Darlington Butler ........................... 1881-1940

23 Aug      - 18 Oct 1912 Joseph Henry Pendleton (1st Time) ................... 1860-1942

18 Oct      - 31 Oct 1912 Charles G. Long ..................................... 1869-1943

01 Nov      - 07 Dec 1912 Joseph Henry Pendleton (2nd Time)

08 Dec 1912 - 06 Jan 1913 William Nessler McKelvy ............................. 1869-1933

Commanders of the U.S Marine Corps Detachment

09 Jan      -    Jul 1913 Edward Alonzo Greene ................................ 1875-1957

28 Jul 1913 - 06 Jan 1916 Presley Marion Rixie ................................ 1879-1953

07 Jan 1916 - 16 Apr 1918 Hamilton Disston South .............................. 1880-1931

1918 - 1919               William Sloane Harrisson ............................ 1882-1933

1919 - 1921               James Latham Underhill .............................. 1891-1991

1921                      Nimmo Old, Jr. ...................................... 1896-1959

30 Apr 1921 - 1922        Wilbur Thing ........................................ 1882-1952

06 Mar 1922 -    Mar 1924 John Marston VII .................................... 1884-1957

15 Mar 1924 - 03 Aug 1925 Ralph Stover Keyser ................................. 1883-1955

20 Feb      - 07 Mar 1927 Clark Howell Woodward ............................... 1877-1968

07 Mar      - 24 Aug 1927 Logan Feland (1st Time) ............................. 1869-1933

25 Aug 1927 - 15 Jan 1928 Louis Mason Gulick .................................. 1879-1933

15 Jan 1928 - 26 Mar 1929 Logan Feland (2nd Time)

26 Mar      - 18 Apr 1929 Robert Henry Dunlap ................................. 1879-1931

18 Apr 1929 - 04 Jun 1930 Dion Williams ....................................... 1869-1952

04 Jun 1930 - 26 Nov 1931 Frederick Leslie Bradman ............................ 1879-1965

26 Nov 1931 - 03 Jan 1933 Randolphe Carter Berkeley ........................... 1875-1960

Leaders of the Contras (In Miami, US, exile)

   Dec 1979 -    Nov 1984 Edgar Chamorro Coronel

       1980 -    Oct 1983 José Francisco Cardenal FDN

11 Aug 1981 - 15 May 1987 José Aristides Sánchez Herdocia ..................... 1943-1993 NR

       1982 -        1990 Enrique Bermúdez Varela ............................. 1932-1991

   Oct 1983 -    May 1990 Adolfo Calero Portocarrero UNO

FDN=Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Democratic Forces, Right-wing, anti-Sandinistas)

FSLN=Frente Sandinista de Limeración Nacional (Sandinista National Liberation Front, Socialist)

NF=Resistencia Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan Resistance, Right-wing, anti-Sandinistas)

PLC=Partido Liberal Constitucionalist (Constitutional Liberal Party, Conservative)

UNO=Unidad Nicaragüense Opositora (United Nicaraguan Opposition, active 1985-87)

©2009

©2006