South Africa

07 Apr 1652 - 16 Sep 1795 Dutch Cape colony

05 Mar 1797 - 21 Feb 1803 Cape colony a British colony

21 Feb 1803 - 10 Jan 1806 Dutch Colony

10 Jan 1806 - 31 May 1910 Cape a British colony, ceded to Britain in 1814

06 Jun 1837 - 12 May 1843 Natal Republic

12 May 1843               Natal annexed by Great Britain

17 Jan 1852               Britain recognises Boer independence east of the Vaal river

21 Sep 1853 - 12 Apr 1877 South-African Republic (Boer)

23 Feb 1854 - 31 May 1902 Orange Free State (Boer)

08 Aug 1881 - 31 May 1902 Transvaal Republic (Boer)

16 Dec 1880 - 23 Mar 1881 First Anglo-Boer war

11 Oct 1899 - 31 May 1902 Second Anglo-Boer War

31 May 1902               Boer resistance ceases with the Treaty of Vereeniging

31 May 1910 - 31 May 1961 Union of South Africa

09 Jul 1915 - 21 Mar 1990 German Southeast Africa (Namibia from 1970) annexed

11 Dec 1931               Full sovereignty granted by UK

04 Jun 1948 - 17 Jun 1991 Apartheid Era

31 May 1961               Republic of South Africa

       1976 - 26 Apr 1994 Four Black Homelands independant (recognised only by South Africa)

21 Mar 1990               Independence of Namibia

27 Apr 1994               End of White minority rule

10 May 1994               Walvis Bay ceded to Namibia

South Africa 1910-1994

31 May 1910 - 31 May 1961 Union of South Africa

11 Dec 1931               Statute of Westminster grants full sovereignty

04 Jun 1948 - 11 Feb 1990 Aparteid Era

31 May 1961               Republic of South Africa

10 May 1994               End of white minority rule

Capital: Pretoria.

Language: Afrikaans, English, Zulu, Xhosa.

Religion: Roman Catholic, Methodist, Dutch Reformed Church, Jewish.

National Anthem: "Die Stem van Suid Afrika" (The Call of South Africa).

National Motto: Ex Unitate Vires (From Unity, Strength).

National Day: National day, 31 May (1910).

Currency: South African Rand.

Governors-General

31 May 1910 - 08 Sep 1914 Herbert John Gladstone,

                           Viscount Newtimber ............................... 1854-1930

11 Jul      - 02 Sep 1914 Johan Henry de Villers,

                           Baron de Villers

                          (acting for  Viscount Newtimber)

02 Sep      - 08 Sep 1914 Sir James Rose-Innes .............................. 1855-1942

                          (acting for Viscount Newtimber)

08 Sep 1914 - 17 Nov 1920 Sydney Charles Buxton,

                           Earl of Buxton ................................... 1853-1934

17 Nov 1920 - 07 Dec 1923 Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert,

                           Prince of Connaught .............................. 1883-1938

07 Dec 1923 - 21 Jan 1924 Sir James Rose-Innes .............................. s.a

                          (acting for Prince Arthur)

21 Jan 1924 - 26 Jan 1931 Augustus Alexander George Cambridge

                           Earl of Athlone .................................. 1874-1957

26 Jan 1931 - 05 Apr 1937 George Herbert Hyde Villiers,

                           Earl of Clarendon ................................ 1877-1955

05 Apr 1937 - 17 Jul 1943 Sir Patrick Duncan ................................ 1870-1943

17 Jul 1943 - 31 Dec 1945 Nicolaas Jacobs de Wet ............................ 1873-1960

01 Jan 1946 - 31 Dec 1950 Gideon Brand van Zyl .............................. 1873-1956

01 Jan 1951 - 11 Dec 1959 Ernest George Jansen .............................. 1881-1959

11 Dec 1959 - 31 May 1961 Charles Robert Swart .............................. 1894-1982

State Presidents

31 May 1961 - 01 Jun 1967 Charles Robert Swart .............................. s.a       NP

01 Jun      - 06 Dec 1967 Theophilus Ebenhaezer Dönges ...................... 1898-1968 NP

                          (Did not take office)

01 Jun 1967 - 10 Apr 1968 Jozua François Naudé .............................. 1889-1969 NP

                          (acting)

10 Apr 1968 - 09 Apr 1975 Jacobus Johannes Fouché ........................... 1898-1980 NP 

09 Apr      - 19 Apr 1975 Johannes de Klerk ................................. 1903-1979 NP

                          (acting)

19 Apr 1975 - 21 Aug 1978 Nicolaas Johannes Diederichs ...................... 1903-1978 NP

14 Aug      - 10 Oct 1978 Marais Viljoen .................................... 1915-2007 NP

                          (1st Time, acting)

10 Oct 1978 - 04 Jun 1979 Balthazar Johannes Vorster ........................ 1915-1983 NP

04 Jun 1979 - 03 Sep 1984 Marais Viljoen (2nd Time)

03 Sep 1984 - 15 Aug 1989 Pieter Willem Botha ............................... 1916-2006 NP

19 Jan      - 15 Mar 1989 Jan Christian Heunis .............................. 1927-2006 NP

                          (acting)

15 Aug 1989 - 10 May 1994 Frederik Willem de Klerk .......................... 1936-2021 NP

Prime Ministers

31 May 1910 - 27 Aug 1919 Louis Botha ....................................... 1862-1919 SAP

27 Aug 1919 - 30 Jun 1924 Jan Christiaan Smuts (1st Time) ................... 1870-1950 SAP

30 Jun 1924 - 05 Sep 1939 James Barry Munnik Hertzog ........................ 1866-1942 NP

05 Sep 1939 - 04 Jun 1948 Jan Christiaan Smuts (2nd Time)

04 Jun 1948 - 30 Nov 1954 Daniël François Malan ............................. 1874-1959 NP

01 Dec 1954 - 24 Aug 1958 Johannes Gerhards Strijdom ........................ 1893-1958 NP

02 Sep 1958 - 06 Sep 1966 Hendrik Frensch Verwoed ........................... 1901-1966 NP

13 Sep 1966 - 28 Sep 1978 Balthazar Johannes Vorster ........................ s.a       NP

28 Sep 1978 - 14 Sep 1984 Pieter Willem Botha ............................... s.a       NP

Chairmen of the Minister's Council

- House of the Assembly (White) -

14 Sep      -    Dec 1984 Sarel Hayward (1st Time) .......................... 1924-1999 NP

                          (acting)

   Dec 1984 -    Apr 1985 Cornelius van der Merwe ........................... 1921-1985 NP

   Apr      -    Jul 1985 Sarel Hayward (2nd Time)

   Jul 1985 -    Sep 1989 Frederik Willem de Klerk

   Sep 1989 -    Dec 1991 Jacobus Coetsee ................................... 1931-2000 NP

   Jan 1992 -    Mar 1993 Magnus André de Merindol Mala ..................... 1930-2011 NP

   Mar 1993 -    Mar 1994 Adriaan Johannes Vlok ............................. 1937-     NP

- House of Representatives (coloured) -

14 Sep 1984 - 03 Feb 1992 Helenand Hendrickse ............................... 1927-2005

03 Feb 1992 -    Mar 1994 Jakobus A. Rabie .................................. 1938-2008 NP

- House od Delegates (Indian) -

14 Sep 1984 - 31 Dec 1988 Amichand Rajbansi ................................. 1942-2011

01 Jan      - 21 Mar 1989 Kassipershad Ramduth .............................. 1921-2001

                          (acting)

21 Mar 1989 -    Feb 1992 Jayaram N. Reddy .................................. 1925-2019

   Feb 1992 - 31 Mar 1994 Bhadra Ranchod .................................... 1944-

NP=National Party, Afrikaaner nationalism, anti-communism, anti-British, republicanism, social conservatism, white supremacy [dissolved 1997]).

SAP=South African Party, white nationalism, conservatism [dissolved 1934]).

UP=UNited Party, conservatism, pro-Commonwealth, [dissolved 1977]).

South Africa

Capital: Pretoria.

Language: Afrikaans, English, Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana, Sotho, Ndebele, Swazi, Tsonga.

Ethnic Groups: Zulu 22.7%, Xhosa 16%, Pedi 9%, Coloured 8.9%, Tswana 8%,

                Sotho 7.6%, Afrikaaner 5%, Tsonga 4.6%, White 4%, Swazi 2.6%, Asian 2.5%, 

                Tshivenda 2.4%, Ndebele 2.1%, Other African 2.2%.

Religion: Zion Christian, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Dutch Reformed Church, Islam, Jewish.

National Anthem: "National Anthem of South Africa".

National Motto: !ke e: Ixarra Ilke (Unity in Diversity).

National Day: Election day, 27 April (1994).

Currency: Rand.

Presidents

10 May 1994 - 16 Jun 1999 Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ......................... 1918-2013 (Xhosa)  ANC

16 Jun 1999 - 25 Sep 2008 Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki .............................. 1942-     (Xhosa)  ANC

25 Sep 2008               Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri ............................. 1937-2009          ANC

                          (acting)

25 Sep 2008 - 09 May 2009 Petrus Kgalema Motlanthe .......................... 1949-     (Tswana) ANC

09 May 2009 - 14 Feb 2018 Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma ......................... 1942-     (Zulu)   ANC

14 Feb 2018 -             Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa .......................... 1952-     (Venda)  ANC

ANC=African National Congress, African nationalism, social democratic [banned 1960-90]).

• Provinces

Transvaal (South African Republic)

1848                      Establishment of the United Band

17 Jan 1852 - 1853        Holland-African Republic

21 Sep 1853 - 1855        South-African Republic

12 Apr 1877 - 1883        British colony

1880 - 1881               1st Anglo-Boer war

08 Aug 1881               Self-rule under British suzraignty

1883 - 1902               South-African Republic (restored

08 Aug 1884               Transvaal independent as the South African Republic

1899 - 1902               2nd Anglo-Boar war

31 May 1902               British colony

31 May 1910               Part of South Africa

1914 - 1915               Maritz rebellion

07 May 1994               State abolished

Commandants at Magaliesberg

22 Dec 1838 -    Jun 1845 Andries Hendrik Potgieter ......................... 1792-1852

   Jun 1845 - 20 Jun 1848 Gert Kruger ....................................... 1802-1872

Commandants-General

20 Jun 1848 - 20 Sep 1849 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius (1st Time) .... 1798-1853

20 Sep 1849 - 16 Oct 1850 Post Abolished

16 Oct 1850 - 15 Jan 1851 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius (2nd Time)

- Lijdenburg -

15 Jan 1851 - 17 Dec 1856 Willem François Joubert ........................... 1801-1891

- Zoutpansberg -

15 Jan 1851 - 16 Dec 1852 Andries Hendrik Potgieter ......................... s.a

16 Dec 1852 - 06 Nov 1854 Pieter Johannes Potgieter ......................... 1822-1854

06 Nov 1854 - 18 Feb 1858 Stephanus Schoeman ................................ 1810-1890

- Marico -

15 Jan 1851 -    Apr 1852 Johan Adam Enslin ................................. 1800-1852

- Potchefstroom-Rustenburg -

15 Jan 1851 - 23 Jul 1853 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius ............... s.a

09 Aug 1853 - 06 Jan 1857 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius ........................ 1819-1901

Chairmen of the Volksraad

23 May      - 25 May 1849 Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius ............... s.a

19 Sep 1849               Jacob de Clercq

06 Dec      - 12 Dec 1849 Pieter Ernst Kruger (1st Time)

22 Jan      - 30 Jan 1850 Willem C. Swart

26 May      - 24 Aug 1850 Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon (1st Time) .............. 1804-1864

10 Sep 1850 - 15 Feb 1851 Cornelis D. Potgieter (1st Time)

05 May 1851               Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon (2nd Time)

09 May 1851               Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon (3rd Time)

11 Jun 1851               Johannes N. Hendrik Grobler

05 Jul 1851               Johannes Christoffel Steyn

01 Sep      - 03 Sep 1851 Cornelis D. Potgieter (2nd Time)

27 Nov      - 29 Nov 1851 Willem Hendrik Jacobszoon (4th Time)

12 Feb 1852               Joachim Johannes Petrus Prinsloo (1st Time)

14 Feb 1852               Pieter Ernst Kruger (2nd Time)

17 May      - 06 May 1852 Cornelis D. Potgieter (3rd Time)

06 May 1852               Andreas Theodorus Spies ........................... 1800-1889

07 May 1852               C. Viljoen

15 Jun      - 12 Jul 1852 Cornelis D. Potgieter (4th Time)

04 Oct 1852               Joachim Johannes Petrus Prinsloo (2nd Time)

04 Oct 1852 - 05 Jul 1855 Cornelis D. Potgieter (5th Time)

10 Sep      - 18 Sep 1855 Hercules Albertus Pretorius ....................... 1803-1889

05 Nov      - 20 Nov 1855 Johannes Hermanus Grobler (1st Time) .............. 1813-1892

27 Nov 1855               Cornelis D. Potgieter (6th Time)

04 Mar      - 11 Mar 1856 Johannes Hermanus Grobler (2nd Time)

11 Mar 1856               Hendrik Teodor Bührmann ........................... 1822-1890

27 May      - 30 May 1856 Cornelis D. Potgieter (7th Time)

05 Jan      - 06 Jan 1857 Johannes Pieter Furstenberg

State Presidents

06 Jan 1857 - 15 Sep 1860 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1st Time)

15 Sep      - 06 Dec 1860 Johannes Hermanus Grobler

06 Dec 1860 - 17 Apr 1862 Stephanus Schoeman

18 Apr 1862 - 10 May 1864 Willem Cornelis Janse van Renseburg ............... 1818-1865

10 May 1864 - 21 Nov 1871 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (2nd Time)

21 Nov 1871 - 01 Jul 1872 Daniel Jacobus Erasmus van Straten ................ 1830-1913

01 Jul 1872 - 12 Apr 1877 Thomas François Burgers ........................... 1834-1881

12 Apr 1877 - 08 Aug 1881 British occupation

08 Aug 1881 - 31 May 1902 Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger .................. 1825-1904

                          (in exile in Switzerland from 10 Sep 1900)

10 Sep 1900 - 31 May 1902 Schalk Willem Burger .............................. 1852-1918

                          (acting for Kruger)

Leaders of the Republic of South Africa (in rebellion)

15 Sep 1914 - 04 Feb 1915 Manie Salmon Gerhardus Maritz ..................... 1876-1940

                        - Christian Rudolf de Wet ........................... 1854-1922

Prime Minister

04 Feb 1907 - 31 May 1910 Louis Botha ....................................... 1862-1919

Administrators

31 May 1910 - 23 Jul 1917 Johann Friedrich Bernhard Rissak .................. 1857-1925

23 Jul 1917 - 29 Feb 1924 Alfred George Robertson ........................... 1867-1929

01 Mar 1924 - 28 Feb 1929 Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr ............................... 1894-1948

01 Mar 1929 - 28 Feb 1934 Jacobus Stephanus Smit ............................ 1878-1960

01 Mar 1934 - 29 Jul 1938 Simon Potgieter Bekker ............................ 1882-1938

01 Sep 1938 - 31 Aug 1948 Jacobus Johannes Pienaar .......................... 1866-1950

01 Nov 1948 - 31 Oct 1958 William Nicol ..................................... 1887-1967

01 Nov 1958 - 08 Feb 1966 Frans Hendrik Odendaal ............................ 1898-1966

12 Feb 1966 - 15 Jul 1979 Sybrand Gerhardus Johannes

                           van Niekerk ...................................... 1914-2011

15 Jul 1979 - 31 May 1988 Willem Andriaan Cruywagen ......................... 1921-2013

01 Jun 1988 - 07 May 1994 Daniel Hough ...................................... 1937-

kwaZulu (Zululand)

Kwa Zulu Kingdom

1879 British occupation

1887-1897 British Crown Colony

1897      Incorporated into Natal

Kings

Mnguni

Nkosinkulu

Mdlani

Luzumana

Mandela kaLuzumana

Ntombhela kaMalandela

1709 - 1715               Zulu kaNtombhele

1715 - 1720               Gumede kaZulu

1720 - 1727               Phunga kaGumede

1727 - 1745               Mageba kaPhunga

1745 - 1763               Ndaba kaMageba

1763 - 1781               Jama kaNdaba

1781 - 1816               Senzangakhona KaJama

       1816 - 23 Sep 1828 Shaka kaSenzangakhona ............................. 1787-1828

   Nov 1828 - 29 Jan 1840 Dingane kaSenzangakhona ........................... 1795-1840

10 Feb 1840 - 18 Oct 1872 Mpande kaSenzangkhona ............................. 1798-1872

18 Oct 1872 - 28 Aug 1879 Cetshwayo Ka Mpande (1st Time) .................... 1832-1884

28 Aug 1879 - 29 Jan 1883 Thirteen Chiefs

                        - John Robert Dunn

                        - Hlubi

                        - Faku

                        - Gawuzi

                        - Mfanawendlela

                        - Mgitshwa

                        - Mlandela

                        - Mqonjama

                        - Ntshingiswao

                        - Sekethwayo

                        - Somkhele

                        - Uhamu ka Mpande

                        - Zibhebhu ka Mapitha

29 Jan 1883 - 08 Feb 1884 Cetshwayo Ka Mpande (2nd  Time)

21 May 1884 - 18 Oct 1913 Dinizulu kaCetshwayo .............................. 1868-1913

                          (not recognised by South Africa)

01 Nov 1913 - 04 Mar 1933 Salamoni Nkashiyana Maphumuzana

                           ka Dinizulu ...................................... 1891-1913

02 Apr 1933 - 27 Aug 1948 Arthur Edward Mshiyeni Zulu

                           Ka Dinuzulu ...................................... 1897-1953

                           (acting)

27 Aug 1948 - 17 Sep 1968 Cyprian Bhekuzulu ka Nyangayezizwe

                           ka Nkashiyana Solomon ............................ 1925-1968

   Nov 1968 - 03 Dec 1971 Israel Mcwayizeni Zulu ka Nkashiyana .............. 1931-1999

                          (acting)

03 Dec 1971 - 12 Mar 2021 Goodwill Zwelethini ka Bhekuzulu .................. 1948-2021

12 Mar      - 29 Apr 2021 Shiyiwe Mantfombi Dlamini Zulu .................... 1953-2021

                          (Queen-Regent)

07 May 2021 -             Misuzulu Sinqobile kaZwelithini ................... 1974-

Xhosa

amaGcaleka

Paramount Chiefs

1695-1697 Ngconde a Togu

1697-1702 Tshiwo a Ngconde

1702-1736 Mdange a Ngconde

1736-1775 Phalo a Tshiwo

1775-1791 Gcaleka a Phalo

1791-1804 Khawuta a Gcaleka

1804-1820 Nqoko a Gcaleka

       1820 - 12 May 1835 Hintsa a Khawatu

19 May 1835 -    Feb 1893 Sarhili a Hitsa

   Feb 1893 -        1902 Sigcawu a Sarhili

       1902 - 30 May 1921 Salukaphathwa Gwebinkumbi a Sigcawu

01 Aug 1921 - 31 Dec 1923 Daliza a Sigcawu .................................. 18..-1921

01 Jan 1924 - 02 Jun 1933 Mpisekhaya Ngangomhlaba

                           Sigcawu a Gwebinkumbi ............................ 18..-1933

02 Jun 1933 - 09 Apr 1965 Bungeni Zwelidumile Sigcawu

                          a Gwebinkumbi ..................................... 1906-1965

09 Apr 1965 - 30 Dec 2005 Xolilizwe Mzikayise Sigcawu ....................... 1926-2005

27 Jan 2006 - 14 Nov 2019 Zwelonke Sigcawu .................................. 1968-2019

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amaMbalu

Chiefs

       1740 -        1794 Ulanga a Phalo

       1794 - 01 Apr 1846 Ngqeno a Ulanga

01 Apr 1846 -        18.. Stockwe a Ngqeno

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amaGqunukhwebe

Chiefs

       17.. -        1793 Tshaka a Tyakha

       1793 - 07 Jan 1812 Cungwa a Tshaka

07 Jan 1812 - 01 Oct 1869 Phatho a Cungwa

01 Oct 1869 - 14 Aug 1875 Kama a Cungwa

14 Aug 1875 -        1899 William Shaw a Kama

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