Somalia
16 Mar 1905 - 31 Mar 1950 Italian Colony of Somaliland
16 Mar 1941 - 31 Mar 1950 British occupation
01 Apr 1950 - 30 Jun 1960 UN trust territory, under Italian administration
01 Jul 1960 - Republic of Somalia
21 Oct 1969 - 27 Jan 1991 Socialist Republic of Somalia
01 Jan 1991 Somalia collapses, with no central contol over the state
18 May 1991 - Secession of Somaliland
21 Jul 1991 Somali Republic
27 Jul 1992 - 27 Aug 2000 UN declares Somalia a country "without a government"
02 Aug 2012 Federal Republic of Somalia
Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
01 Jul 1976 - 27 Jan 1991 Maxamed Siyaad Barre ................. 1919-1995
Presidents
01 Jul 1960 - 10 Jun 1967 Aaden Cabdulla Cismaan Daar .......... 1908-2007
10 Jun 1967 - 15 Oct 1969 Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke ......... 1919-1969
15 Oct - 21 Oct 1969 Sheekh Mukhtaar Maxamed Xuseen ....... 1912-2012
21 Oct 1969 - 27 Jan 1991 Maxamed Siyaad Barre ................. s.a
29 Jan 1991 - 03 Jan 1997 Cali Mahdi Maxamed ................... 1938-2021
15 Jun 1995 - 31 Jul 1996 Maxamed Faarax Caydiid ............... 1934-1996
(interim; in rebellion)
04 Aug 1996 - 20 Mar 1998 Xuseen Maxamed Faarax ................ 1942-
(interim; in rebellion)
03 Jan 1997 - 22 Aug 2000 Co-Chairmen of National Salvation
- Cali Mahdi Maxamed
- Osman Xasan Cali
- Cabdulqadir Maxamed Daar
- Cabdullahi Yuusuf Axmad
- Aden Cabdullahi Nur
22 Aug - 27 Aug 2000 Cabdullahi Derow Isaq ................ 1950-2006
27 Aug 2000 - 14 Oct 2004 Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xusean
(in Djibouti exile to 14 Oct 2000;
confinde to Mogadishu area)
14 Oct 2004 - 29 Dec 2008 Cabdullahi Yuusuf Axmed .............. 1934-2012
(in exile to 2005)
29 Jun - 28 Dec 2006 Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmad
(Chairman of the Islamic courts Union;
controlling Mogadishu and parts of Southern Somalia)
29 Dec 2008 - 31 Jan 2009 Sheekh Aaden Maxamed Nuur
(in Baidoa)
31 Jan 2009 - 20 Aug 2012 Shariif Sheekh Axmad ................. 1964-
(in Djibouti exile)
20 Aug - 28 Aug 2012 Muuse Xasan Sheekh Sayyid Cabdulleh
(interim)
28 Aug - 10 Sep 2012 Prof. Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari ........ 1945-2024
(interim)
10 Sep 2012 - 08 Feb 2017 Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud (1st Time) ..... 1955-
(acting from 28 Dec 2016)
08 Feb 2017 - 15 May 2022 Maxamed Cabdillaahi Maxamed "Farmaajo" 1962-
15 May 2022 - Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud (2nd Time)
Prime Minsters
01 Jul - 12 Jul 1960 Maxamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ............ 1928-2002
12 Jul 1960 - 14 Jun 1964 Cabdirashid Cali Shermarke ........... (s.a)
14 Jun 1964 - 15 Jun 1967 Cabdirizak Haji Xasan ................ 1924-2014
15 Jun 1967 - 01 Nov 1969 Maxamed Haji Ibrahim Egal (2nd Time)
01 Nov 1969 - Mar 1970 Maxamed Faarax Salaad
1970 - 31 Jan 1987 Post Abolished
01 Feb 1987 - 03 Sep 1990 Maxamed Cali Samatar ................. 1931-2016
03 Sep 1990 - 24 Jan 1991 Maxamed Hawaadlee Madar .............. 1939-2005
24 Jan 1991 - 03 Jan 1997 Cumar Carte Qaalib ................... 1930-2020
08 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001 Cali Khaliif Galayr .................. 1941-
28 Oct - 12 Nov 2001 Cismaan Jaamac Cali .................. 1941-
(acting)
12 Nov 2001 - 08 Dec 2003 Xasan Cabshir Faraax ................. 1945-
08 Dec 2003 - 03 Nov 2004 Maxamed Cabdi Yuusuf
03 Nov 2004 - 29 Oct 2007 Cali Maxamed Geedi ................... 1952-
29 Jun - 28 Dec 2006 Shariif Sheekh Axmad
(Islamic Courts Union)
29 Oct - 24 Nov 2007 Saalim Caliyoow Ibroow
(acting)
24 Nov 2007 - 14 Feb 2009 Nuur Xasan Xuseen .................... 1938-2020
16 Dec - 24 Dec 2009 Maxammd Maxmud Guled
(in opposition)
14 Feb 2009 - 21 Sep 2010 Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke ... 1960-
24 Sep - 01 Nov 2010 Cabdiwaxiid Elmi Gonjeh
(acting)
01 Nov 2010 - 19 Jun 2011 Maxamed Cabdullani Maxamed ........... 1962-
19 Jun 2011 - 06 Oct 2012 Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali ............... 1965-
(acting)
06 Oct 2012 - 12 Dec 2013 Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon Saacid ......... 1958-
12 Dec 2013 - 24 Dec 2014 Cabdiweli Sheekh Axmed ............... 1959-
24 Dec 2014 - 01 Mar 2017 Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke ... s.a
01 Mar 2017 - 25 Jul 2020 Xasan Cali Khayre .................... 1968-
25 Jul 2020 - 25 Jun 2022 Mahdi Maxamed Guuleed
(susspended 27 Dec 2021 - 22 Jan 2022)
25 Jun 2022 - Xamse Cabdi Barre .................... 1974-
Galmudug
Presidents
14 Aug 2006 - 14 Aug 2009 Maxamed Warsame Cali ................. 1937-2019
14 Aug 2009 - 14 Aug 2012 Maxamed Axmed Calin
14 Aug 2012 - 23 Jul 2015 Cabdi Xasan Cawaale
23 Jul 2015 - 26 Feb 2017 Cabdi Kariim Xuseen
26 Feb - 03 May 2017 Maxamed Xaashi Cabdi
03 May 2017 - 12 Apr 2020 Axmed Ducaale Geelle
12 Apr 2020 - Axmed Cabdi Kaariye
Chief minister
06 Dec 2017 - 02 Feb 2020 Maxamed Cali Xasan
Somaliland
1546 - 07 Sep 1874 Part of the Ottoman Empire (Under Mecca 1630-1830)
07 Sep 1874 Annexed by Egypt
Feb 1884 - 26 Jun 1960 British Colony of Somaliland
20 Jul 1887 - 1905 British Somaliland protectorate, subordinated to Aden
19 Aug 1940 - 16 Mar 1941 Occupied by Italy
26 Jun 1960 Independence from Britain
01 Jul 1960 - 18 May 1991 Unification with Italian Somalia, as Somali Republic
18 May 1991 Secession from Somalia (not recognised)
24 May 1991 - Republic of Somaliland proclaimed
Presidents
28 May 1991 - 16 May 1993 Cabduraxman Axman Cali ............... 1931-2003
16 May 1993 - 03 May 2002 Maxamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ............ (s.a)
03 May 2002 - 26 Jul 2010 Daxir Riyale Kaxiin .................. 1952-
26 Jul 2010 - 14 Dec 2017 Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud Siilaanyo ..... 1936-
14 Dec 2017 - Muuse Bixi Cabdi ..................... 1948-
Prime Minister
26 Jun - 30 Jun 1960 Maxamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ............ (s.a)
Jubaland (Azania)
01 Jul 1895 - 15 Jul 1924 British rule, part of Kenya
15 Jul 1924 Ceded to Italy by Britain
01 Jul 1926 Annexed to Italian Somaliland
03 Sep 1998 State of Jubaland
18 Jun 2001 State taken by Mogadishu government
24 Sep 2006 - 01 Jan 2007 Capital taken by Islamic Courts Union
01 Jan 2007 Capital taken by Mogadishu government
03 Apr 2011 Azania autonomous state declared (in Kenya exile)
28 Aug 2013 - Administration recognised by Somalia
20 Jan 2014 - Interim administration established
High Commissioner
10 Jul 1925 - 31 Dec 1926 Corrado Zoli ......................... 1877-1951
Leaders
03 Sep 1998 - 11 Jun 1999 Maxamed Siyad Hersi .................. 1949-
11 Jun 1999 - 18 Jun 2001 Axmed Warsame
President
03 Apr 2011 - 15 May 2013 Maxamed Cabdi Maxamed
(in Nairobi, Kenya exile)
Chairman of the Executive Council of Jubba Interim Administration
15 May 2013 - Axmed Maxamed Islam .................. 1961-
(President to 20 Mar 2014)
Puntland
1600 - 1927 Punt Sultanate
03 Mar 1905 Mahdiyah proclaimed in Noogal, supressed by Italy in 1911
23 Jul 1998 - Autonomous Puntland State declared (unrecognised to 2012)
Sultans
1800-1815 Harti, Maxamuud IV
1815-1842 Harti, Cismaan II
1842-1844 Harti, Yuusuf IV
1844-1860 Harti, Maxamuud V ibn Yuusuf
1860-1927 Harti, Cismaan III in Maxamuud
Mahdi
03 Mar 1905 - 1911 Sayiid Maxamed Cabdille Xasan "the Mad Mullah"
Presidents
23 Jul 1998 - 30 Jun 2001 Cabdullaxi Yuusuf Axmed (1st Time) .. 1934-2012
01 Jul - 14 Nov 2001 Yuusuf Haji Nur
14 Nov 2001 - 08 May 2002 Jama Ali Jamma
08 May 2002 - Oct 2004 Cabdullaxi Yuusuf Axmed (2nd Time)
Oct 2004 - 08 Jan 2005 Maxamed Cabdi Hashi
08 Jan 2005 - 08 Jan 2009 Maxamed Muse Hersi
08 Jan 2009 - 08 Jan 2014 Cabdiaxman Maxamuud Faroole ......... 1945-
08 Jan 2014 - 08 Jan 2019 Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali .............. 1965-
08 Jan 2019 - Saciid Cabdullaahi Maxamed