1154                      Swedish conquest begins

1249                      Suomen herttua (Duchy of Finland)

       1374 - 20 Aug 1386 Effectivley autonomous under Bo Johnsson Grip

03 Aug 1577 - 17 Sep 1809 In Personal Union with Kingdom of Sweden

27 Feb 1627               Karelia joined to Sweden by Treaty of Stolbova

28 Aug 1713 - 30 Aug 1720 Russian occupation

29 Aug 1742 - 16 Jun 1743 Russian occupation

       1742               Kingdom of Finland (proposed)

22 Mar 1808               Russian occupation

29 Mar 1809 - 1917        In Personal Union with Russian Empire

22 Mar 1809 - 15 Mar 1917 Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta (Grand Duchy of Finland)

09 Nov 1917               Sovereignty declared

06 Dec 1917               Independence declared (recocnised by Russia 04 Jan 1918)

28 Jan      - 25 Apr 1918 Finnish Socialist Soviet Republic (in southern Finland)

10 Oct 1918               Suomen kuningaskunta (Kingdom of Finland)

17 Jul 1919               Suomen tasavalta (Republic of Finland)

13 Mar 1940               Karelia and Salla region ceded to the USSR

27 Jul 1941 - 19 Sep 1944 Karelo-Finish SSR occupied by Finland

07 Dec 1941               Territories annexed by the USSR in 1940 restored

19 Apr 1944 - 10 Feb 1947 Soviet occupation, 1940 borders restored

30 Sep 1963 -             Saimaa Canal and Malyj Vyostskij island leased from Russia

01 Jan 1995               Accession to the EU

Duchy of Finland

Mythical rulers

Fornjótr

Kári Fornjótrsson

Frosti Kárasson

Jokul Frostatsson

Snaer Vanha Jokulsson

Thorri Snaersson

Aude Rikas

Gisi

Andur

Froste

Loge

Dukes

870 - 878                 Faravid

1249 - 1255               Magnusson, Birger

1280 - 1281               Gustavsson, Kaarle

       1284 - 25 May 1291 Folkunga, Bengt I .................................. 1254-1291

       1302 - 10 Dec 1317 Folkunga, Vladimir ................................. 1290-1318

1353 - 1356               Algotsson, Bengt II                                     

1357 - 1359               Algotsson Erik

1371 - 1386               Bo Jonsson Grip

1556 - 1581               Vasa, Johan III of Sweden  ......................... 1537-1592

Grand Duchy of Finland

Grand Princes (The Emperors of Russia from 1809)

       1581 - 29 Mar 1809 The Monarchs of Sweden

23 Oct      - 1742        Holstein-Gottorp, Pietari, King of Finland ......... 1728-1762

                          (Peter, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp [later Peter III of Russia])

1802 - 1805               Holstein-Gottorp, Carl Gustav of Sweden ............ 1778-1837

                          (styled "Grand Prince of Finland").

29 Mar 1809 - 01 Dec 1825 Holstein-Gorttop, Aleksanteri I .................... 1777-1825

26 Dec 1825 - 02 Mar 1855 Holstein-Gorttop, Nikolai I ........................ 1796-1855

02 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881 Holstein-Gorttop, Aleksanteri II ................... 1818-1881

13 Mar 1881 - 01 Nov 1894 Holstein-Gorttop, Aleksanteri III .................. 1845-1894

01 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917 Holstein-Gorttop, Nikolai II ....................... 1868-1918

15 Mar 1917               Holstein-Gorttop, Mikael ........................... 1878-1918

15 Mar      - 09 Nov 1917 Vacant; Russian provisional government authority

Governors-General

1623 - 1631               Nils friherre Bjelke til Salestad .................. 1569-1639

1631 - 1633               Gabriel friherre Oxenstierna

                           til Mörby och Lindholmen .......................... 1586-1656

21 Nov 1637 -    Sep 1651 Per Brahe til Wisingsborg .......................... 1602-1680

            - 23 Oct 1657 Erik friherre Gyllenstjerna til Uleberg ............ 1602-1657

1657 - 1658               Gustaf friherre Horn til Marienborg ................ 1614-1666

1664 - 1669               Herman Claesson friherre Fleming til Liebelitz ..... 1619-1673

23 Sep 1710 - 25 Jan 1712 Carl Gustaf greve Nieroth .......................... 1650-1712

25 Jan 1712 - 28 Aug 1713 Georg friherre Lybecker

28 Aug 1713 - 1717        Fyodor Matveyevich Graf Apraksin

                          (Russian governor)

       1717 - 30 Sep 1721 Gustaf Otto Graf von Douglas ....................... 1687-1771

                          (Russian Governor-General)

29 Aug 1742 - 02 Jan 1743 Francis Edward James Keith ......................... 1696-1758

                          (Russian Commander)

13 Feb 1747 -    Jul 1752 Gustaf Fredrik, friherre von Rosen ................. 1688-1769

       1752 - 29 Mar 1809 Post Abolished

01 Dec 1808 - 17 Jun 1809 Gören Magnus Sprengtporten

                          (Military governor)

17 Jun 1809 - 01 Feb 1810 Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly ................... 1761-1818

03 Mar 1810 - 22 Mar 1824 Fabian Gotthard Graf von Steinheil ................. 1762-1831

28 Mar 1824 - 30 Nov 1831 Arseny Andreyevich Zakrevsky ....................... 1783-1865

01 Dec 1831 - 08 Mar 1855 Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov .................... 1787-1869

08 Mar 1855 - 20 Nov 1861 Fredrik Wilhelm Rembert Berg ....................... 1794-1874

20 Nov 1861 - 01 May 1866 Platon Ivanovich Rokasovsky

01 May 1866 - 03 Jun 1881 Nikolay Vladimirovich Graf von ..................... 1819-1892

                           Adlerberg

03 Jun 1881 - 13 Jan 1897 Feodor Logginovitsh Heiden ......................... 1831-1900

31 Jan 1897 - 29 Aug 1898 Stepan Osipovich Gonscharov ........................ 1831-1912

                          (acting)

29 Aug 1898 - 17 Jun 1904 Nikolay Ivanovich Bobrikov ......................... 1839-1904

18 Jun      - 18 Aug 1904 Nikolay Matveyevich Turbin

                          (acting)

18 Aug 1904 - 18 Nov 1905 Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Obolensky ................. 1853-1910

18 Nov      - 06 Dec 1905 Anton von Saltza ................................... 1843-1916

                          (acting)

06 Dec 1905 - 02 Feb 1908 Nikolay Nikolayevich Gerard ........................ 1838-1929

02 Feb 1908 - 24 Nov 1909 Vladimir Aleksandrovich Boeckmann .................. 1848-1923

24 Nov 1909 - 16 Mar 1917 Franz Albert von Sein .............................. 1862-1918

16 Mar      - 19 Mar 1917 Adam Iosipovich Lipsky ............................. 1860-19..

                          (acting)

19 Mar      - 31 Mar 1917 Sergey Aleksandrovitsh Korov ....................... 1876-1924

                          (acting)

31 Mar      - 17 Sep 1917 Mikhail Aleksandrovich Stakhovich .................. 1861-1923

17 Sep      - 07 Nov 1917 Nikolay Vissarionovitsh Nekrasov ................... 1879-1940

Chief Ministers

01 Oct 1822 - 28 Feb 1826 Carl Erik Graf Mannerheim .......................... 1759-1837

01 Mar 1826 - 12 Jan 1828 Samuel Fredrik von Born ............................ 1782-1850

12 Jan 1828 - 10 Apr 1833 Anders Henrik Falck ................................ 1772-1851

10 Apr 1833 - 30 Sep 1841 Gustaf Freiherr Hjärne ............................. 1768-1845

01 Oct 1841 - 30 Apr 1858 Lars Gabriel von Haartman .......................... 1789-1859

01 May 1858 - 08 Jun 1882 Johan Mauritz Freiherr Nordenstam .................. s.a

01 Oct 1882 - 30 Sep 1885 Edvard Gustaf af Forselles

01 Oct 1885 - 01 Dec 1891 Samuel Werner Freiherr von Troil ................... 1833-1890

01 Dec 1891 - 29 Oct 1900 Sten Carl Tudeer ................................... 1840-1905

29 Oct 1900 - 18 Jan 1905 Constantin Linder .................................. 1836-1908

04 May      - 01 Dec 1905 Emil Streng ........................................ 1838-1911

01 Dec 1905 - 10 Jun 1908 Leopold Henrik Stanislaus Mechelin ................. 1839-1914

05 Aug 1908 - 27 Apr 1909 Edvard Immanuel Hjelt .............................. 1855-1921

27 Apr      - 19 Oct 1909 August Johannes Hjelt .............................. 1862-1919

                          (acting)

19 Oct      - 21 Dec 1909 Andrey Andreyevich Virenius ........................ 1850-1919

                          (1st Time, acting)

21 Dec 1909 - 21 Apr 1913 Vladimir Ivanovich Markov .......................... s.a

21 Apr 1913 - 16 Mar 1917 Mikhail Mikhaylovich Borovitinov ................... 1874-1821

17 Mar      - 26 Mar 1917 Andrey Andreyevich Virenius

                          (2nd Time, acting)

26 Mar      - 17 Aug 1917 Antii Oskari Tokoi ................................. 1873-1963

17 Aug      - 27 Nov 1917 Eemil Nestor Setälä ................................ 1864-1935

Chairman of the Finnish Delegation

12 Nov 1808 - 09 Jan 1809 Carl Erik Graf Mannerheim .......................... s.a

State Secretaries for Finnish Affairs

09 Jan 1809 - 07 Nov 1811 Mikhail Mikhailovich Speranskiy .................... 1772-1839

07 Nov 1811 - 18 Dec 1834 Robert Henrik Graf Rehbinder ....................... 1777-1841

Chairmen of the Committee for Finnish Affairs

20 Oct 1811 - 19 Aug 1814 Gustaf Mauritz Graf Armfelt

19 Aug 1814 - 09 Sep 1832 Knut Freiherr von Troil ............................ 1760-1825

28 Aug 1821 - 29 Mar 1826 Robert Henrik Rehbinder ............................ s.a

                          (acting for Troil)

Minister of State for the Grand Duchy of Finland (in St. Petersburg)

18 Dec 1834 - 08 Mar 1841 Robert Henrik Graf Rehbinder ....................... s.a

08 Mar 1841 - 08 Jan 1876 Alexander Armfelt .................................. 1794-1876

08 Jan 1876 - 03 Sep 1881 Carl Knut Emil Freiherr Stjernvall-Walléen ......... 1806-1890

03 Sep 1881 - 03 Sep 1888 Theodor von Bruun .................................. 1821-1888

03 Sep 1888 - 09 Apr 1891 Johann Casimir Ehrnrooth ........................... 1833-1913

09 Apr 1891 - 13 Jun 1898 Woldemar Carl von Daehn ............................ 1838-1900

13 Jun 1898 - 29 Aug 1899 Victor Napoleon von Procopé ........................ 1839-1906

29 Aug 1899 - 28 Jul 1904 Vyacheslav Konstantinovitch von Plehwe ............. 1846-1904

28 Jul 1904 - 18 Jan 1905 Edvard Oerström .................................... 1862-1922

                          (1st Time, acting)

18 Jan      - 28 Nov 1905 Constantin Linder .................................. 1836-1908

28 Nov 1905 - 05 Jan 1906 Edvard Oerström

                          (2nd Time, acting)

05 Feb 1906 - 21 Apr 1913 Carl Fredrik Freiherr Langhoff ..................... 1856-1929

21 Apr 1913 - 19 Mar 1917 Vladimir Ivanovich Markov .......................... 1859-1919

19 Mar      - 08 Apr 1917 Theodor Izmailovich Rodichev ....................... 1854-1923

                          (acting)

08 Apr      - 14 Dec 1917 Carl Johan Alexis Enckell .......................... 1876-1959

Kingdom of Finland

Åland