Suriya (Syria)
3300-1200 Part of Egyptian Empire
724-612 Assyrian Empire
612-539 Part of Babylonian Empire
539-332 Part of Persia
332-319 Annexed by Makedonia
319-301 Antigonid Kingdom
301-198 Part of Egyptian Empire
198-63 Part od Seleucid Empire
64 BC - 261 AD Annexed by Roman Empire
261-271 Part of Palmyria
271-395 Part of Roman Empire
395-529 Part of Byzantine Empire
529-638 Kingdom of Ghassan
638 Arab conquest begins
1076 - 1154 Kingdom of the Seljuks
1154 - 1261 To Egypt
1260 - 1261 Mongol occupation
1261 - 1521 Egyptian control restored
1275 - 1521 Emirate of Damamscus
23 Aug 1516 - 14 Jun 1832 To Ottoman Empire
14 Jun 1832 - 10 Oct 1840 Annexed by Egypt
10 Oct 1840 - 30 Sep 1918 Part of Ottoman Empire
30 Sep 1918 - 28 Jul 1920 Independence, Kingdom of Greater Syria
25 Oct 1918 French occupation beguins
28 Jul 1920 - 29 Sep 1923 French Syria
29 Sep 1923 - 31 Dec 1943 League of Nations Mandate under France
28 Jun 1922 - 31 Dec 1924 Union of Syrian States
1936 Independence declared (Not recognised)
23 Jul 1939 Antioch annexed by Turkey (Not recognised by Syria)
19 Jul 1939 - 16 Sep 1941 State of Syria
16 Sep 1941 - 28 Sep 1961 Syrian Republic
01 Jan 1944 - 22 Feb 1958 Syrian Arab Republic
17 Apr 1946 Independence recognised by France
22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961 Part of the United Arab Republic
28 Sep 1961 Syrian Arab Republic
10 Jun 1967 - Golan Heights under Israeli occupation,
annexed 14 Dec 1981 (Not recognised)
01 Jan 1972 - 11 Nov 1977 Part of the Federation of Arab Republics
15 Mar 2011 - Civil War
2014 - 2019 Islamic State occupation of Eastern Syria
Assyria
Kings of Assyria
1380-1353 Eriba Adad
1353-1317 Ashur Uballit
1317-1307 Enlil Nirari
1307-1295 Arik
1295-1263 Adad Nirari
1263-1233 Shalmaneser
1233-1196 Tukulti Ninura
1196-1193 Ashur-nadin-apli
1193-1187 Ashur-nirari III
1187-1182 Enlil Kudurri-usur
1182-1179 Ninurta-Tukulti Ashur
873-810 Benhadad I
810 Hazael
810-791 Benhadad II
740-730 Rezin
__________________________________________________________________________________
Ghassanid Kingdom
Emirs of Ghassan
220-265 Ghassanid, Jafnah I
265-270 Ghassanid, Amr I
270-287 Ghassanid, Thalabah
287-307 Ghassanid, al-Harith I
307-317 Ghassanid, Jabalah I
317-327 Ghassanid, al-Harith II
327-330 Ghassanid, al-Mundhir I
327-330 Ghassanid, al-Aiharm
327-342 Ghassanid, al-Numan I
330-356 Ghassanid, Amr II
327-361 Ghassanid, Jabalah II
361-362 Ghassanid, al-Numan II
361-391 Ghassanid, Jafnah II
391-418 Ghassanid, al-Numan III
418-434 Ghassanid, Jabalah III
434-455 Ghassanid, al-Numan IV
434-453 Ghassanid, al-Numan V
434-456 Ghassanid, al-Harith III
453-465 Ghassanid, Hijr ibn al-Numan
453-472 Ghassanid, al-Mundhir II
453-486 Ghassanid, Amr III
486-512 Ghassanid, al-Harith IV
512-529 Ghassanid, Jabalah IV
529-569 Ghassanid, al-Harith V
569-581 Ghassanid, al-Mundhir III
570-582 Ghassanid, Abu Kirab
582-583 Ghassanid, al-Numan VI
583 Ghassanid, al-Harith VI
583-600 Ghassanid, al-Numan VII
600-614 Ghassanid, al-Aiham ibn Jabalah
614-616 Ghassanid, al-Mundhir IV
614-618 Ghassanid, Sharahil ibn Jabalah
618-628 Ghassanid, Amr IV
628-632 Ghassanid, Jabalah V
632-638 Ghassanid, Jabalah VI
________________________________________________________________________________
Arab Kingdom of Syria
Capital: Damascus.
Government: Kingdom.
Religion: Sunni Islam, Sh'ia Islam, Christian, Jewish.
Ethnic Groups: Arab, Kurd, Armenian, Jewish.
National Anthem:
National Motto:
National Day:
Currency: Egyptian Pound.
Heads of States
30 Sep - 01 Oct 1918 Muhammad Said al-Jazairi ..................... 1872-19..
01 Oct - 05 Oct 1918 Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi ..................... 1864-1943
King of Greater Syria
05 Oct 1918 - 28 Jul 1920 Hashim, Faisal I ............................. 1885-1933
Heads of State
28 Jul - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Basha ................... 18..-1920
21 Aug - 30 Nov 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi ............................... 1883-1951
Prime Ministers
01 Oct 1918 - 14 Dec 1919 Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi (1st Time) .......... s.a
14 Dec - 30 Dec 1919 Abdul Hamad Pasha
30 Dec 1919 - May 1920 Ali Rida Basha ar-Rikabi (2nd Time)
May - 28 Jul 1920 Hashim al-Khalid al-Atassi ................... 1875-1939
28 Jul - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din ad-Durubi Pasha ................... s.a
21 Aug - 30 Nov 1920 Jamil al-Ulshi ............................... s.a
State of Syria (French Mandate of Syria)
French High Commissioner for Syria and Cilicia
Oct 1918 - 21 Nov 1919 François Georges Picot ....................... 1970-1951
High Commissioners of French-mandated Syria and Lebanon
21 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922 Henri-Joseph-Eugène Gouraud .................. 1867-1946
23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923 Robert de Caix ............................... 1869-1970
(acting)
17 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924 Maxime Weygand ............................... 1867-1965
29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925 Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail ................ 1856-1929
23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926 Baron Henry de Jouvenel des Ursins ........... 1876-1935
Aug 1926 - Jul 1933 Auguste-Henri Ponsot ......................... 1877-1963
16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939 Damien de Martel, comte de Martel ............ 1878-1940
Jan 1939 - 24 Nov 1940 Gabriel Puaux ................................ 1883-1970
24 Nov - 27 Nov 1940 Jean Chiappe ................................. 1878-1940
(did not take office)
06 Dec 1940 - 14 Jun 1941 Henri-Fernand Dentz .......................... 1881-1945
Delegates-general
24 Jun 1941 - 07 Jun 1943 Georges-Albert-Julien Catroux ................ 1877-1969
07 Jun - 23 Nov 1943 Jean Helleu .................................. 1885-1955
23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944 Yves Chataigneau ............................. 1891-1961
23 Jan 1944 - 15 Apr 1946 Étienne-Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet .............. 1883-1969
Heads of State
28 Jun 1922 - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bay Barakay al-Khalidi ................. 1883-1939
28 Apr 1926 - 15 Feb 1928 Damad-i Shahriyari Ahmad Nami Bay ............ 1873-1962
15 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani .................. 1885-1943
19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932 Leon Solomiac
Presidents
11 Jun 1932 - 21 Dec 1936 Muhammad Ali Bay al-Abid ..................... 1868-1939
21 Dec 1936 - 07 Jul 1939 Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (1st Time) ........... 1875-1960
10 Jul 1939 - 04 Apr 1941 Bahij ad-Din al-Khatib ....................... 1895-1981
16 Sep 1941 - 17 Jan 1943 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani
17 Jan - 25 Mar 1943 Jamil al-Ulshi
(acting)
25 Mar - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bay al-Ayyubi ............................ 1877-1951
17 Aug 1943 - 17 Apr 1946 Shukri al-Kuwatli ............................ 1891-1967
Prime Ministers
01 Jan - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi ................. s.a
21 Dec 1925 - 06 Jan 1926 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (1st Time) ....... s.a
27 Apr 1926 - 09 Feb 1928 Damad-i Shahriyari Ahmad Nami Bay ............ s.a
15 Apr 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (2nd Time)
07 Jun 1932 - 16 Mar 1934 Haqqi Bay al-Azm ............................. 1864-1955
16 Mar 1934 - 22 Feb 1936 Sheikh Taj ad-Din al-Hasani (3rd Time)
22 Feb - 21 Dec 1936 Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (1st Time)
21 Dec 1936 - 18 Feb 1939 Jamil Mardam Bay ............................. 1893-1960
18 Feb - 13 Mar 1939 Lutfi al-Haffar .............................. 1885-1968
06 Apr - 09 Jul 1939 Nasuhi Salim al-Bukhari
04 Apr - 21 Sep 1941 Khalid al-Azm (1st Time)
21 Sep 1941 - 19 Apr 1942 Hassan al-Hakim .............................. 1886-1988
25 Mar - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bay al-Ayyubi (2nd Time)
19 Apr 1942 - 10 Jan 1943 Husni al-Barazi (1st Time) ................... 1893-1949
17 Aug 1943 - 31 Oct 1944 Saadallah al-Jabiri (1st Time) ............... 1893-1947
14 Oct 1944 - 01 Oct 1945 Faris al-Khuri (1st Time) .................... 1879-1962
Syrian Republic
Presidents
17 Apr 1946 - 30 Mar 1949 Shukri al-Kuwatli ............................ s.a
30 Mar - 14 Aug 1949 Husni az-Zaim ................................ 1897-1949
15 Aug 1949 - 02 Dec 1951 Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (1st Time) ........... s.a
03 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953 Fawsi as-Silu ................................ 1905-1972
11 Jul 1953 - 25 Feb 1954 Adib ibn Hasan Shishakli ..................... 1909-1964
26 Feb - 28 Feb 1954 Maamun al-Kuzbari ............................ 1914-1998
28 Feb 1954 - 06 Sep 1955 Hashim Khalid al-Atassi (2nd Time)
06 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958 Shukri al-Kuwatli (2nd Time)
Prime Ministers
01 Oct 1945 - 16 Dec 1946 Saadallah al-Jabiri .......................... s.a
16 Dec 1946 - 17 Dec 1948 Jamil Mardan Bay ............................. s.a
17 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949 Khalid al-Azm (2nd Time)
17 Apr - 26 Jun 1949 Husni al-Barazi (2nd Time)
26 Jun - 14 Aug 1949 Muhsin al-Bazazi ............................. 1904-1949
24 Dec - 27 Dec 1949 Nazim al-Kudsi (1st Time) .................... s.a
27 Dec 1949 - 04 Jun 1950 Khalid al-Azm (3rd Time)
04 Jun 1950 - 27 Mar 1951 Nazim al-Kudsi (2nd Time)
27 Mar - 09 Aug 1951 Khalid al-Azm (4th Time)
09 Aug - 13 Nov 1951 Hassan al-Hakim .............................. s.a
13 Nov - 28 Nov 1951 Zaki al-Khatib ............................... 1887-1961
28 Nov - 29 Nov 1951 Maarf ad-Dawalibi (1st Time) ................. 1907-2004
03 Dec 1951 - 19 Jul 1953 Fawzi as-Silu ................................ s.a
19 Jul 1953 - 01 Mar 1954 Adib ash-Shishakli ........................... s.a
01 Mar - 18 Jun 1954 Sabri al-Assali (1st Time) ................... 1903-1976
18 Jun - 03 Nov 1954 Said al-Ghazzi (1st Time) .................... 1893-1967
03 Nov 1954 - 13 Feb 1955 Faris al-Khuri (2nd Time)
13 Feb - 13 Sep 1955 Sabri al-Assali (2nd Time)
13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956 Said al-Ghazzi (2nd Time)
14 Jun 1956 - 06 Mar 1958 Sabri al-Assali (3rd Time)
Syrian Arab Republic
Capital: Damascus.
Government:
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Aramaic, French.
Religion: Sunni Islam 74%, Sh'ia Islam 2% (Alawi 11%), Christian 10%, Druze 3%.
Ethnic Groups: Arab 90%, Kurd 8%, Armenian 2%.
National Anthem: "Humat ad-Diyar" (Guardians of the Homeland).
National Motto: Waḥdah, Ḥurrīyah, Ishtirākīyah (Unity, Freedom, Socialism).
National Day: Independence day, 17 April (1946).
Currency: Syrian Pound.
Regional Secretaries of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
- Syria Region
05 Sep 1963 - 01 Feb 1964 Hammud al-Shufi
05 Feb - 04 Oct 1964 Shiblī Yousef Hamad al-Aysami ................ 1925-
04 Oct 1964 - 19 Dec 1965 Muhammed Amin al-Hafiz ....................... 1921-2009
27 Mar 1966 - 13 Nov 1970 Noureddin Mustafa Ali al-Atassi .............. 1929-1992
18 Nov 1970 - 10 Jun 2000 Hafez al-Assad ............................... 1930-2000
10 Jun 2000 - Abdullah Al-Ahmar ............................ 1936-
(de facto)
24 Jun 2000 - Bashar Hafez al-Assad ........................ 1965-
Presidents
28 Sep - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun al-Kuzbari ............................ s.a
(acting)
20 Nov - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat an-Nuss ................................ 1900-1972
(acting)
14 Dec 1961 - 08 Mar 1963 Nazim al-Kudsi ............................... 1906-1998
09 Mar - 27 Jul 1963 Louai ai-Atassi .............................. 1926-2003 B
27 Jul 1963 - 23 Feb 1966 Muhammad Amin al-Hafez ....................... s.a B
23 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970 Nureddin Muhammad Mustafa al-Atassi .......... s.a B
18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971 Sayyid Ahmedal-Hasan al-Khatib ............... 1933- B
22 Feb 1971 - 10 Jun 2000 Hafez ibn `Ali ibn Sulayman al-Assad ......... s.a B
10 Jun - 17 Jul 2000 Abdul-Halim Khaddam .......................... 1932-2020 B
(acting)
17 Jul 2000 - Bashar Hafez al-Assad ........................ s.a B
Prime Ministers
28 Sep - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun al-Kuzbari ............................ 1914-1998
20 Nov - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat an-Nuss ................................ 1900-1972
14 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962 Maarf ad-Dawalibi (2nd Time)
16 Apr - 14 Sep 1962 Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah ........................ 1910-1992
17 Sep 1962 - 09 Mar 1963 Khalid al-Azm (5th Time)
09 Mar - 12 Nov 1963 Salah ad-Din al-Bitar ........................ 1912-1980 B
12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964 Muhammad Amin al-Hafaz (1st Time) ............ 1921-2009 B
13 May - 04 Oct 1964 Salah ad-Din Bitar (2nd Time)
04 Oct 1964 - 23 Sep 1965 Muhammad Amin al-Hafaz (2nd Time)
23 Sep - 31 Dec 1965 Yusuf Zuaiyin (1st Time) ..................... 1931-2015 B
01 Jan - 23 Feb 1966 Salah ad-Din Bitar (3rd Time)
25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968 Yusuf Zuaiyin (2nd Time)
29 Oct 1968 - 21 Nov 1970 Nureddin Mustafa al-Atassi ................... s.a B
21 Nov 1970 - 03 Apr 1971 Hafez ibn `Ali ibn Sulayman al-Assad B
03 Apr 1971 - 21 Dec 1972 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (1st Time) ............ 1930- B
21 Dec 1972 - 07 Aug 1976 Mahmoud al-Ayyubi ............................ 1932- B
07 Aug 1976 - 27 Mar 1978 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (2nd Time)
27 Mar 1978 - 09 Jan 1980 Muhammad Ali al-Halabi ....................... 1937- B
09 Jan 1980 - 01 Nov 1987 Abdul Rauf al-Kasm ........................... 1932- B
01 Nov 1987 - 13 Mar 2000 Mahmoud Zuabi ................................ 1938-2000 B
13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003 Muhammad Mustafa Mero ........................ 1941- B
10 Sep 2003 - 14 Apr 2011 Muhammad Naji al-Otari ....................... 1944- B
14 Apr 2011 - 23 Jun 2012 Adel Safar ................................... 1953- B
23 Jun - 06 Aug 2012 Riyad Farid Hajib ............................ 1966- B
06 Aug - 09 Aug 2012 Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji ...................... 1954- B
(acting)
09 Aug 2012 - 03 Jul 2016 Wael al-Halki ................................ 1964- B
03 Jul 2016 - 11 Jun 2020 Imad Muhammed Deeb Khamis .................... 1961- B
11 Jun 2020 - 23 Sep 2024 Hussein Arnous ............................... 1953- B
(acting to 31 Aug 2020)
23 Sep 2024 - Muhammed Ghazi al-Jalali ..................... 1969-
Commanders of the Russian Military Forces in Syria
30 Sep 2015 - 30 Jun 2016 Col-Gen. Aleksandr Vladimirovich Dvornikov ... 1961-
01 Jul - Dec 2016 Col-Gen. Alexander Alexandrovich Zhuravlyov .. 1965-
Dec 2016 - 09 Jun 2017 Andrey Kartapolov
09 Jun - Dec 2017 Col-Gen. Sergey Vladimirovich Surovikin ...... 1966-
(1st Time)
Dec 2017 - Sep 2018 Col-Gen. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Zhuravlyov . 1965-
Sep - Oct 2018 Sergey Kuralenko
Oct 2018 Jan 2019 Aleksandr Lapin
Jan - Apr 2019 Col-Gen. Sergey Vladimirovich Surovikin (2nd Time)
Apr - Sep 2019 Col-Gen. Andrey Nikolayevich Serdyukov ....... 1962-
Sep 2019 - Nov 2020 Col-Gen. Aleksandr Yuryevich Chaiko .......... 1971-
Nov 2020 - Feb 2021 Sergey Kuzovlev
Feb - Jun 2021 Col-Gen. Aleksandr Yuryevich Chaiko (2nd Time)
Jun - Oct 2021 Evgeny Nikiforov
Oct 2021 - Lt-Gen. Roman Borisovich Berdnikov ........... 1974-
B=Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki – Qutr Suriya (Arab Socialist Rebirth Party-
Syria Branch, Arab nationalism, socialism, secular-nationalism).
SSNP=Al-Ḥizb Al-Sūrī Al-Qūwmī Al-'Ijtimā'ī (Syrian Social Nationalist Party, Syrian
nationalism, Fascism, secularism).
Syrian National Council (in opposition)
President of the Syrian National Council (in Istanbul, Turkey)
02 Oct 2011 - 10 Jun 2012 Burhan Ghalioun
10 Jun - 09 Nov 2012 Abdul Baset Saida
Presidents National Coalition for the Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
11 Nov 2012 - 22 Apr 2013 Ahmad Mouaz Al-Khatib Al-Hasani .............. 1960-
22 Apr - 06 Jul 2013 George Sabra ................................. 1947-
06 Jul 2013 - 09 Jul 2014 Ahmad al-Jarba ............................... 1969-
09 Jul 2014 - 05 Jan 2015 Hadi al-Bahra (1st Time) ..................... 1959-
05 Jan 2015 - 05 Mar 2016 Khaled Khoja ................................. 1965-
05 Mar 2016 - 06 May 2017 Anas al-Abdan ................................ 1967-
06 May 2017 - 06 May 2018 Riad Seif .................................... 1946-
06 May 2018 - 29 Jun 2019 Abdurrahman Mustafa .......................... 1964-
29 Jun 2019 - 12 Jun 2020 Anas al-Abdah ................................ 1967-
12 Jun 2020 - 12 Jul 2021 Nasr al-Hariri ............................... 1977-
12 Jul 2021 - 12 Sep 2023 Salem al-Meslet .............................. 1959-
12 Sep 2023 - Hadi al-Bahra (2nd Time)
Prime Ministers
19 Mar - 08 Jul 2013 Ghassan Hitto ................................ 1963-
14 Sep 2013 - 16 May 2016 Ahmad Saleh Touma ............................ 1965-
16 May 2016 - 10 Mar 2019 Jawad Abu Hatab .............................. 1962-
30 Jun 2019 - Abdurrahman Mustafa .......................... s.a
__________________________________________________________________________________
Islamic State occupied Syria
2011 ISIS involvement in the Syrian civil war begins
2014 - 2017 ISIS occupation of Aleppo, Deir ez-Zor, Raqqa, Idlib provinces
21 Mar 2019 Last IS territory liberated
Governor of the Syrian province of Islamic State and the Levant
2012 - 25 Mar 2016 Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli ................ 1959-2016
Syrian Kurdistan (Rojava)
19 Jul 2012 - Kurdish rebels fighting both the Syrian army,
Free Syrian Army and Islamic militants, begin
the capture of Kurdish inhabited territory in Northern Syria
01 Aug 2012 Syria-Turkey border areas transferred to Kurdish control
by the Syrian military
12 Nov 2013 Interim self-administration of Western Kurdistan
29 Jan 2014 Cantons of Jazira, Kobane and Efrin formed (not recognised)
17 Mar 2016 - Federal Democratic Rojava-North Syria (not recognised)
09 Oct 2019 - Turkish anti-Kurdish military offensive in Northeastern Syria
Government: Federation.
Capital: Qamishlo (Qamishli/Bet Zalin)
Language: Kurdish, Syriac Aramaic, Arabic
Religion: Islam, Christian, Yazidi.
Demographics: Kurd, Arab, Assyrian, Turkomen, Armenian, Yazidi.
National Anthem:
National Motto:
Currency: Syrian Pound
Chairman of the Democratic Union Party
2010 - Salih Muslim Muhammad ........................ 1951- PYD
+ Asya Abdullah .
Co-Presidents of the Committee for North Syria
Mar 2016 - 06 Sep 2018 Hediya Yousef ................................ 1954-
Mar 2016 - 06 Sep 2018 Mansur Selum
Co-Chairs of the Organisation Committee for North and East Syria
06 Sep 2018 - Abdul Hamid Mahbash .......................... 1973-
+ Berivan Xalid ................................ 1988-
President of Cîzirê/Jazira Canton
21 Jan 2014 - Akram Hesso .................................. 1973- PYD
President of Kobanê/Ayn al-Arab Canton
27 Jan 2014 - Enver Muslim PYD
President of Efrîn/Afrin Canton
29 Jan 2014 - Hevi Ibrahim Mustefa ......................... 1951- PYD
PYD=Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat (Democratic Union Party, Kurdish nationalism, socialism)
Alawite Territory (Latakia)
1850 - 1170 BC Latakia Kingdom
865 - 1035 Alawite Emirate
02 Sep 1920 Alawite Territory
23 Sep 1923 - 05 Sep 1938 Hatay part of the Alawite Territory
01 Jan 1925 Alawite State
22 Sep 1930 State of Latakia
05 Dec 1936 To Syria thereafter
27 Jan 1937 France secretly agrees to cede Hatay to Turkey
05 Sep 1938 Hatay proclaims independence
23 Jun 1939 Hatay incorporated into Turkey
2011 - Under Syrian government control
Capital: Latakia (Alexandretta before 1938).
Religion: Alawi Islam, Christianity.
Monarchs
1850-1825 Niqmaddu I
1825-1800 Yaqarum I
1600-.... Ibiranu I
1390-1360 Ammishtamru I
1360-1330 Niqmaddu II
1330-1324 Arhalbu
1324-1274 Niqmepa
1274-1240 Ammishtamru II
1240-1230 Ibiranu II
1230-1225 Niqmaddu III
1225-1180 Ammurapi
1180-1170 Yaqurum II
Emires
865 - 880 Muhammad ibn Nusayr al-Namiri
880 - 890 Muhammad ibn Djundab
890 - 900 Abu Muhammad Abdullah al-Djunbulani
900 - 957 Abu Abdullah al-Hussein ibn Hamdan al-Khasibi
957 - 994 Muhammad ibn Ali al-Djilli
994 - 1035 Surur ibn al-Qasim al-Tabarani
Governors
03 Nov 1918 - 1919 .... Minault
1919 - 20 Sep 1920 .... de la Roche
20 Sep 1920 - 20 Sep 1921 Marie Joseph Émile Niéger .................... 1874-1951
20 Sep 1921 - 17 Nov 1922 Gaston Henri Gustave Billotte ................ 1875-1940
17 Nov - 31 Dec 1922 .... Desclaux
01 Jan 1923 - Sep 1925 Léon Henri Charles Cayla ..................... 1881-1965
01 Jan 1925 - 04 Feb 1937 Ernest Marie Hubert Schoeffler ............... 1877-1952
Delegates of the High Commissioner
04 Feb 1937 - 01 Oct 1938 Eugène Paul Aimé Joseph Cahour ............... 1886-1954
01 Oct 1938 - 07 Dec 1939 Pierre Bart .................................. 1889-1964
07 Dec 1939 - 10 Dec 1940 François Malartre ............................ 1865-1951
10 Dec 1940 - 27 Oct 1941 Jean Janvier Vital Jourdan
27 Oct 1941 - 25 Oct 1942 Raoul Charles Magrin-Vernerey ................ 1892-1964
25 Oct 1942 - 1945 Robert Léonce Marcel des Essars .............. 1898-1967
Aleppo
1800 BC - 1400 AD Kingdom of Yamkhand
1400 - 1200 To the Hittites
1200 - 900 To Aramaeanes
900 - 609 To Assyria
945 - 1260 Emirate of Aleppo
1260 To Egypt
1516 To Ottoman Empire
Oct 1918 - 30 Nov 1920 Part of Syria
01 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 State of Aleppo
28 Jun 1922 To Syria thereafter
19 Jul 2012 - 22 Dec 2016 City and surrounding area under control of rebel,
Kurdish and Islamic State forces
2012 - 2017 City of Raqqa made capital of the Islamic State
2012 - Northern portion of the former state is administered by
the Kurdish Rojava autonomous government
Monarchs
1800 - .... Yarimlim I
.... - .... Hammurabi I
.... - .... Abbael I
.... - .... Yarimlim II
.... - .... Niqmiepu I
.... - .... Irkabtum
.... - .... Hammurabi I
.... - .... Yarimlim III
.... - .... Abbael II
.... - .... Ilimilimma I
1550 - .... Idrimi I
.... - .... Niqmiepu II
.... - .... Ilimilimma II
1300 - 1330 Telipinu
1330 - .... Talmi-Sharruma
120. - .... Rimisharina
Emires of Aleppo
945 - 09 Feb 967 Hamdanid, Saif ud-Dawlah Ali
09 Feb 967 - Dec 991 Hamdanid, S'ad ud-Dawlah Sharif
991 - 1002 Hamdanid,Sa'id ud-Dawlah Sa'id
1002 - 1004 Hamdanid, Abu'l-Hassan Ali II
1004 Hamdanid, Abu l-Ma'ali Sharif II
1004 - 1009 Fatmid, Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Kabir
1009 - 1016 Fatmid, Murtada al-Dawla Mansur
1016 - 1017 Fatmid, Mubarak al-Dawla Fatah
1017 - 1023 Fatmid, Fatik Aziz al-Dawla
1023 - 1029 Mirdasid, Salih ibn Mirdas
1029 - 1037 Mirdasid, Shibl ud-Dawlah Nasr
1042 - 1057 Mirdasid, Mu'izz ud-Dawlah Tamal (1st Time)
1060 - 1061 Mirdasid, Rashid ud-Dawlah Mahmud (1st Time)
1061 - 1062 Mirdasid, Mu'izz ud-Dawlah Tamal (2nd Time)
1062 Mirdasid, Abu Du'aba Atiya
1062 - 1075 Mirdasid, Rashid ud-Dawlah Mahmud (2nd Time)
1075 - 1076 Mirdasid, Djalal ud-Dawlah Nasr
1076 - 1079 Mirdasid, Abu'l-Fada'il Sabiq
1080 - 1085 Uqaylid, Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim
1085 Uqaylid, Ibrahim ibn Quraysh
1085 - 1086 Uqaylid, Al Sharif ibn al-Habibi
1086 - 1094 Seljuq, Qasim ad-Dawla Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hadjib
1094 - 1095 Seljuq, Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush
1095 - 10 Dec 1113 Seljuq, Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan
10 Dec 1113 - 1114 Seljuq, Tadj ad-Dawla Alp-Arslan al-Akhras
1114 - 1123 Seljuq, Sultan Shah ibn-Radwan
1117 Artuqid, Ghazi ibn-Artuq
1117 - 1118 Artuqid, Timurtash ibn-al-Ghazi (1st Time)
1118 - 1121 Artuqid, Suleyman I ibn-al-Ghazi
1121 - 1123 Artuqid, Suleyman II
1123 - 1124 Artuqid, Nur ad-Dawla Balaq
1124 - 1127 Artuqid, Aq Sunqur al-Bursuqi
1127 - 1128 Artuqid, Masul ibn-Aq Sunkur
1128 - 14 Sep 1146 Zengid, Zenghi I ibn Ak Sunkur Qasim el Awla
14 Sep 1146 - 15 May 1174 Zengid, Nur ad-Din Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Imad-ad-Din
15 Sep 1174 - 1181 Zengid, Isma'il as Salih
1182 - 1183 Zengid, Zenghi II Imad ud-Din
1183 - 1186 Ayyubid, al-Adil Muhammad Sayf Abu-Bakr ud-Din
1186 - 08 Oct 1216 Ayyubid, az-Zahir Ghazi Abu Mansur Ghiyath ud-Din
08 Oct 1216 - 1236 Ayyubid, al-Aziz Muhammad Ghiyath ud-Din
1236 - 1259 Ayyubid, al-Nasr II Yusuf Salah ad-Din
1259 - 1260 Ayyubid, al-Muazzam Turan Shah
Governors-General
01 Dec 1920 - 05 Mar 1923 Muhammed Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi .............. 1845-1926
05 Mar 1923 - 17 Jan 1924 Mustafa Bey Barmada ........................ 1883-1953
18 Jan 1924 - 01 Jan 1925 Mar'i Basha al-Mallah ...................... 1856-1930
Governor of Aleppo State
16 Aug 2012 - Muhammed Wahid Aqqad
Damascus
1076 - 1521 Emirate of Damascus
1521 - 1918 Part of Ottoman Empire
1918 Made capital of Greater Syria
1920 French occupation
01 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 State of Damascus
28 Jun 1922 Incorporated into Syria
Monarchs
2500 BC Caananite, Uz ben Shem
c.1300 BC Caananite, Biryawaza
c.950 BC Aramaean, Rezon I
...-914 Aramaean, Tab-Rimmon I
914-880 Aramaean, Bar Haddad I
880-843 Aramaean, Bar Haddad II
843-804 Aramaean, Hazael I
804-796 Aramaean, Bar Haddad III
796-770 Aramaean, Tan-El I
740-732 Aramaean, Rezon II
978-983 Fatamid, Qassam at-Turab
Emires
1076 - 1079 Seljuk, Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi
1079 - 1095 Seljuk, Tadj ad-Dawla Abu Said Tutush I
1095 - 08 Jun 1104 Seljuk, Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq I
08 Jun - 1104 Seljuk, Tutush I
1104 Seljuk, Muhi ad-Din Baqtash
1104 - 12 Feb 1128 Burid, Saif-ul-Islam Zahir ud-Din Tughtigin
12 Feb 1128 - 06 Jun 1132 Burid, Taj ul-Muluk Buri
06 Jun 1132 - 1135 Burid, Shams ul-Muluk Ismail
1135 - 1139 Burid, Shihab ud-Din Mahmud
1139 - 1140 Burid, Djamal ud-Din Muhammad
1140 - 28 Aug 1149 Burid, Mi`id ad-Din Unur al-Atabeki
1140 - 1154 Burid, Mujir ud-Din `Abd al-Dawla Abu Sa`id Abaq
ibn Jamal ad-Din Muhammad
1154 - 15 May 1174 Zangid, Nur ad-Din Mahmud
15 May - 23 Nov 1174 Zangid, As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
27 Nov 1174 - 1186 Ayyubid, Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub
1186 - 1196 Ayyubid, al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din
1196 - Aug 1218 Ayyubid, al-Malik al-Adil I Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub
Aug 1218 - 1227 Ayyubid, Sharaf ad-Din
1227 - 1229 Ayyubid, Salah ad-Din II
1229 - 27 Aug 1237 Ayyubid, Asharaf Musa Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar ad-Din
1237 - 1245 Ayyubid, Imad ad-Din al-Malik as-Salih Ismail
bin Saif ad-Din Ahmad
1250 - 1260 Ayyubid, al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf Salidin III
1275 - 1280 Mameluk, Sunkur al-Ashkar
1280 - 1290 Mameluk, Lajin al-Ashkar
1290 - 1294 Mameluk, Akush Beg
1294 - 1296 Mameluk, Izz ad-Din Ayback
1296 - 1297 Mameluk, Shuja ad-Din Adirlu
1297 - 1312 Mameluk, Sayf ad-Din Kipchak
1312 - 1340 Mameluk, Sayf ad-Din Tanqiz as-Nasiri
1340 - 1350 Mameluk, Yilbugha al-Nasiri
1350 - 1370 Mameluk, Sayf ad-Din Manjak
1370 - 1380 Mameluk, Tash Timur
1380 - 1393 Mameluk, Yilbugha al-Nasiri
1393 - 1399 Mameluk, Sayf ad-Din Tanibak
1399 - 1400 Mameluk, Sudun
1401 - 1441 Mameluk, Taghribirdi al-Zahiri
1470 - 1500 Mameluk, Kijmas
1500 - 1516 Mameluk, Ghazali Arab
1516 - 1517 Mameluk, Shihab ad-Din Ahmad
1517 - Feb 1521 Mameluk, Janbiridi al-Ghazali
Governor
01 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 Haqqi Bay al-Azm ............................. 1864-1955
Jebel Druze (Souaida)
01 May 1921 - 1941 Autonomous State of Souaida
1927 Renamed Jebel Bruze
02 Dec 1936 Incorporated into Syria
Governors
01 May 1921 - 15 Sep 1923 Amir Salim Basha al-Atrash ................... 18..-1923
15 Sep 1923 - 06 Mar 1924 Trenga
06 Mar 1924 - 28 May 1925 Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet ............... 1890-1941
28 May - Jul 1925 .... Raynaud
(acting)
Jul - Oct 1925 Thomas Martin
18 Jul 1925 - 01 Jun 1927 Amir Sultan Basha al-Atrash .................. 1885-1982
(in rebellion)
14 Oct 1925 - 01 Jun 1927 Charles Andréa ............................... 1871-1954
1927 Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry ............. 1870-1942
1927 - 01 Feb 1932 Abel Jean Ernest Clément-Grancourt ........... 1873-1948
03 Feb 1932 - 28 Jan 1934 Claude Gabriel Rebaud Massiet ................ 1877-1947
1934 - 1935 Justin Antoine Devicq
05 Feb 1935 - 02 Dec 1936 Pierre Joseph François Tarrit ................ 1881-1965
02 Dec 1936 - 1937 Nasib al-Bakri ............................... 1888-1966
1937 - 17 Feb 1938 Bahig al-Hatib
17 Feb 1938 - 1939 Hasna Yahya al-Atrash ........................ 1905-1977
1937 - 1939 Paul Bouvier ................................. 1885-1972
1939 - 1942 Fernand-François Oliva-Roget ................. 1891-1949
27 Oct 1941 - 25 Oct 1942 Raoul Magrin-Vernerey
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