Pre-Colombian states in Mesoamerica (Modern Mexico and Central America) mostly fall into two civilisations and geographic regions, the mostly Nahuatl speaking peoples (and their precursors) in central Mexico and the Mayan people of the Yucatan peninsula. At the time of the Spanish conquest the largest and most powerful state was the Aztec Triple Alliance – Aztec Empire or Tenochca Empire. The Aztec Empire was an alliance of the city-states (known as Altepemeh) of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco and Tlacopan. Though the alliance had only been formed a century before the arrival of Europeans, the Aztec rulers claimed descent from the much older Olmec civilisation, the state of Teotihuacan and later Toltec empire. The Nahua peoples inhabited ethnically based city states called Altepetl while the Mayan called their city states Cah.
Also existing at the time of the conquest were the Chichimec, Purepecha, Mixtec and Zapotec cultures. The Mayan civilisation had gone into decline centuries before the Spanish arrived and their ruined cities remained undiscovered until the nineteenth century.
Tepanecuatl Empire at Azcapotzalco
1430 Conquered by Texcoco
1430 Tlapocan state
1521 To Spain
Tepanec tlatoani of Azcapotzalco
1168 - 11.. Acolhua
11.. - 12.. ....
1239 - 12.. Tetzotoaloc
12.. - 12.. ....
13.. - 13.. Tezozomac (Xiuhtlatonac)
1302 - 1367 Aculnahuacatl
1367 - 1426 Tezozomac Yacateteltetl
1426 - 1427 Tayatzin (Quetzalayatzin)
1427 - 1430 Maxtla
Rulers of Tlacopan
14.. - 1430 Aculnahuacatl Tzaqualcatl
1430 - 1469 Totoquihuaztli I
1469 - 1489 Chimalpopoca
1489 - 1519 Totoquihuatzin
1519 - 1525 Tetlepanquetzal
Chichimecah
c.1100s Xolotl
Nopaltzin
Tlohtzin
c.1420s Quinatzin
c. 1080 Coixtlahuaca founded
c. 1490 Aztec conquest
14..-145. Atonaltzin (Atonal II)
14..-1490 ....
1377 To Azcapotzalco
1428 To Tenochtitlan
1521 To New Spain and Mexico thereafter
Tlahtohqueh Colhuahcan
7.. - 7.. Huehue Topiltzin Nauhyotzin I
7.. - 8.. Nonohualcatl I
8.. - 8.. Yohuallatonac
9.. - 9.. Quetzalacxoyatzin
9.. - 9.. Chalchiuhtlatonac I
985 - 1026 Totepeuh
1026 - 10.. Nauhyotzin II
10.. - 11.. Cuauhtexpetlatzin
1130 - 1150 Nonohualcatl II
1150 - 1170 Achitomecatl
1170 - 1180 Cuauhtlatonic
1186 - 1200 Mallatzin
1200 - 1235 Cuauhtlahtolloc
123. - 124. Chalchiuhtlatonac II
124. - 125. Cuauhtlix
125. - 125. Yohuallatonac Telpochtli
1260 - 127. Tziuhtecatli
127. - 128. Xihuitltemoc
129. - 130. Cocoxtli
1307 - 1323 Cuauhtlahtolloc
(warlord)
1323 - 13.. Huehue Acamapichtli
13.. - 13.. Achitometl Teomecatl II
13.. - 14.. Nauhyotl Teuctli Tlamacazqui (Nauhyotzin III)
14.. - 14.. Acoltzin
1429 - 1440 Itzcoalt
(Tepaneca ruler under Maxtla)
1440 - 147. Xilomantzin
147. - 148. Tlatolcatzin
148. - 1521 Tezozomoctli
Ecatepec
1428 - 1465 Chimalpilli I
1465 - 14.. Tezozomoc
14.. - 15.. Matlaccohuatl
15.. - 1520 Chimalpilli II
c.1300 Founding of the Purepecha Empire
1522 Purepecha submit to the Spanish
1522 - 1562 Tributary state of New Spain
1530 Execution of Tangaxuan II by Nunez de Guzman (1490-1558)
Cazonci
Curicaueri
Calzontzin
Pauacume II
1350 - 1390 Tariacuri
1390 - 1420 Hiquingaje
1420 - 1435 Hiripan
1435 - 1454 Tangaxuan I
1454 - 1479 Tzitzpandaquare
1449 - 1520 Zuangua
1520 - 14 Feb 1530 Tangaxuan II
1530 - 1543 Pedro de Arellano
1543 - 1545 Francisco Tariacuri
1545 - 1562 Antonio Huitzimengari
1337 Mexico-Tlatelolco
1473 Subjugated by Tenochtitlan
1520 Spanish conquest
Tlatoani of Tlatelolco
1376 - 1417 Quaquapitzahuac
1417 - 1427 Tlacateotzin
1428 - 1460 Quauhtlatoa
1460 - 1473 Moquihuixtli
1475 - 1520 Itzquauhtzin 1473-1520
1549 - 1562 Diego de Mendoza
1567 - 1579 Miguel Garcia Oquiztzin
Tlatoque of Chichimeca
1172 - 1232 Xolotl
1232 - 1263 Nopaltzin
1263 - 1298 Tlotzin
Tlatoque of Tetzcoco
1298 - 1357 Quintazin
1357 - 1409 Techotlaltzin
1409 - 1418 Ixtlilxochitl I
1418 - 1431 Yancuiltzin
1418 - 1431 Tochpili
(co-ruler)
1431 - 1472 Nezahualcoyotl
1472 - 1515 Nezahualpili
1515 - 1519 Cacamatzin
1519 - 1520 Cuicuizcatl
1520 - 1521 Coanacoch
1521 Fernando Tecocoltzin
1521 - 1531 Fernando Cortez Ixtlilxochitl II
1532 - 1533 Jorge Yoyontzin
1534 - 1539 Pedro Tetlahuehuetzquititzin
1540 - 1545 Antonio Pimentel Tlahuitoltzin
1545 - 1564 Hernando Pimentel Ihuian
c.600 BC Founding of the Teotihuacan site
c.100 BC Founding of the first city at Teotihuacan
c.378 AD Conquest of Tikal
c.750 AD Collapse of Teotihuacan
1200 AD Area is re-populated by the Nahua
1300 AD Under Huexotla
1409 AD Vassal of Huextla
1418 AD Vassal of Azcapotzalco
1427 AD Under Aztec Empire (vassal of the Acolhua people)
Rulers
....
02 May 374 - 09 Jun 439 Atlatl Cauac (Jatz'om Kuy) "Striker Owl"
(also ruler of Tikal)
1409 - 1418 Huetzin
1418 - 1427 Totomochtzin
Note: Despite being one of the most significant pre-Columbian sites in Mesoamerica, very little is known about the original founders of the city or the reason for its decline. Almost nothing is known about the rulers of Teotihuacan apart from one later name found in Mayan sources. The Nahuatl name Teotihuacan (“Place of the Gods”) may in fact have been given by the Spanish based on the misunderstanding that the city was known as Teohuacan (“City of the Sun”) to the Aztecs. Early Mayan sources give the name Puh ("Place of Reeds"). Teotihuacan was inhabited by various cultures over the centuries before the arrival of Europeans, but had long since declined into ceremonial site after suffering destruction from repeated conquests. The Aztecs continued to use Teotihuacan as a place of pilgrimage and religious ritual, while claiming lineage with the original founders as they did with Olmec and other pre-Nahua peoples.
14.. Tlaxcala confederacy (Ocotelolco, Quiahuitztlan, Tepeticpac and Tizatlan)
1519 Tlaxcala allied to Spain in conquest of the Aztec empire
1520 Part of New Spain
Tlatoani of Tlaxcaltec
1510 Tlehuexolotzin
1510 Maxizcatzin
1510 Xichotencatl
1510 Chilalpopocatzin
Tlatoque of Ocotelolco
14.. Cuitlixcatl
1520 Maxixcatl
1520 Lorenzo Maxixcatl
Tlatoque of Quiahuitztlan
15.. - 152. Citlapopocaizin
Tlatoque of Tepeticpac
15.. Tlahuexolotzin
Tlatoque of Tizatlan
Aztahua
14.. - 14.. Xayacamach
14.. - 1522 Xicotencatl I
15.. - 1521 Xicotencatl II
(Tlacochcalcatl =regent)
c.674 Legendary founding of the Toltec civilisation
c.1150 Tula abandoned, former Toltec empire evolves
into the Tepanec and Aztec empires
Toltec
... - ... Chalchiuh Tlatonac
... - ... Mixcoamazatzin
869 - 875 Huetzin
875 - 877 Mixcoatl Totepeuh
877 - 923 Ihuitimal
923 - 947 Topiltzin Ce Acatal Quetzalcoatl
947 - 983 Matlacxochitzin
983 - 997 Nauhyotzin
997 - 1025 Matlacoatzin
1025 - 1047 Tlilcoatzin
1047 - 1122 Huemac
Tututepec
c.1080 Eight Deer
1486 Xoconochco part of the Aztec Empire
1824-1841 Soconusco contested between Mexico and Guatemala
Zapotec of Zaachila (Teotzapotlan)
1328 - 1361 Ozomatli
1361 - 1386 Huijatoo
1386 - 1415 Zaachila I
1415 - 1454 Zaachila II
1454 - 1487 Zaachila III
1487 - 1521 Cosijoeza
1518 - 1563 Cocijopii
c.400 AD B'aakal (Palenque) founded
c.800 Abandoned
1821 Part of Mexico
Rulers
431-435 K'Uk B'alam I
435-487 Cas rab I
487-501 B'utz Ah Sak Chiik I
501-529 Ankahl Mo Nahb I
529-565 K'an Hoi Chitman I
565-570 Ankahl Mo Nahb II
570-583 Kan B'ALM I
583-604 Yohl Ik'nal I
604-612 Ah Ni Ohl Mat I
612 Pakal I
612-640 Ady Sak K'uk I
640-683 K'inich Kanahb Pakal II
684-702 K'inich Kahn B'alam II
702-722 K'inich K'an Hoy Chitman II
722-731 K'inich Ankal Mo Nahb III
743-783 K'inich Jahnab Pakal III
783-799 K'inich K'uk B'alam II
799-8?? Wak Kimi Janhb Pakal IV
c.400 Bonampak (Ake) founded
c.800 Abandoned
1521 - 1821 Part of the Spanish colonial Kingdom of Guatemala
1823 - 1824 Part of Central America
1824 Part of Mexico
1946 Discovered
Rulers
400 Aj Yash Punim
554 - 600 ....
600 - 605 Jasaw Chan Muwaan I
605 - 610 Aj Olnal (1st Time)
610 - 611 Aj Chan Tok'
611 - 614 Aj Olnal (2nd Time)
... - ... ....
643 - 648 Winakhab Tok'
658 - 670 ....
683 - 692 Aj Nak'ey
732 - 747 Knot-Eye Bahlam
747 - 776 Ak Sak Telech
776 - 795 Jasaw Chan Muwaan II
Dos Pilas (Petexbatun)
c.850 Abandoned
1840 Part of Guatemala
Rulers
629-692 B'alaj Chan K'awiil
692-697 Itzamnaaj B'alam
697-727 Itzamnaaj K'awiil
727-741 ....
741-761 K'awiil Chan K'inich
761-802 Tan Te' K'inich
770-800 Ajaw B'ot
792-802 Chak Lakamtum
802-807 Lacham K'awiil Ajan B'ot
830-849 Aj B'olon Haab'tal
Iximche (K'iche [Utatlan])
1225 Iximche (K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj)
1525 Spanish conquest
1821 Part of Mexico
1823 Part of Central America
1840 Part of Guatemala
Rulers (Ajpop)
1225-1250 B'alam Kitze
1250-1275 K'ok'oja
1275-1300 Tz'ikin
1300-1325 Ahcan
1325-1350 K'okaib'
1350-1375 K'onache
1375-1400 K'otuja
1400-1425 Q'uq'umatz
1425-1475 K'ik'ab'
1475-1500 Vahxak'i-Kaam
1500-1525 Oxib-Keh
c.900 Tikal abandoned
1696 Possible discovery of the ruins of Tikal by Spanish Friar Andres de Avendano
1840 Part of Guatemala
1848 Tikal re-discovered by explorers Modesto Mendez and Ambrosio Tut
Lords
100-... Yax-Mogh-Xoc
...-... Scroll-Ahau-Jaguar
...-... Animal Headress
307-317 Siyaj Chan K'awiil I
317-359 Une- B'alam
359-360 K'inich Muwaan Jol I
360-378 Chak Tok Ich'aak
411-456 Siyaj Chan K'awiil II
458-486 K'an-Chitam
486-508 Chak Tok Ich'aak II
511-527 Kaloomte B'alam
527-537 "Bird Claw"
537-562 Wak Chan K'awiil
562-628 Bird Claw II
628-630 K'inich Wayaan
630-648 K'inich Muwaan Jol II
648-679 Nuun Ujol Chaak
682-734 Jasaw Chan K'awiil
734-741 Yax Kin
741-768 ....
768-794 Yax Nuun Ayiin II
794-800 Nuun
800-810 "Dark Son"
810-849 Jewel K'awiil
849-869 Jasaw Chan K'awiil II
869-889 ....
426 First recorded ruler of Quiriguá
c.810 Abandoned
1840 Part of Guatemala
Rulers
426 - 4.. Tok Ch'ich
449 - 455 Tutuum Yohl K'inich
455 - 480 .... ("Turtle Shell")
480 - 493 .... ("Basket Skull")
493 - 5.. Mih Toh
653 - 6.. K'awiil Yopaat
724 - 785 K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat "Kawak Sky"
785 - 795 Tiliw Chan Yopaat "Sky Xul"
795 - 810 K'ahk' Jolow Chan Yopaat "Jade Sky"
c.810 Abandoned
1523 - 1823 Part of the Spanish Kingdom of Guatemala
1823 - 1824 Part of Central America
1824 Part of Mexico
Rulers
359-364 Yoaat' B'alam I
364-378 Itzamnaaj B'alam I
378-389 Yaxun B'alam I
389-402 Yax Deer-Antler Skull
...-... ....
...-... K'inich Tatb'u Skull I
454-467 Moon Skull
467-495 Yaxum B'alam II
495-523 Knot B'alam I
523-537 K'inich Tatb'u Skull II
537-564 Knot B'alam II
...-... ....
629-669 Yaxun B'alam III
681-742 Itzamnaaj B'alam II
742-749 Yoaat B'alam II
749-767 Yaxum B'alam IV
767-796 Itzamnaaj B'alam III
796-808 K'inich Tatb'u Skull III
c.600 AD Yaxha founded
c.900 AD Abandoned
1840 Part of Guatemala
1904 Discovered Teobert Maler (1842-1917)
Ruler
c.799 K'inich Lakamtuun
Yokib'
1821 Part of Mexico
Rulers
c.460 AD K'an Ahk I?
c.478 K'an Ahk II?
c.510 Turtle Tooth
c.514 ....
....-....
603-639 K'inich Yo'nal K'an I
639-686 ....
687-729 K'inich Yo'nal K'an II
729-758 ....
758-767 K'inich Yo'nal K'an III
767-781 Ha' K'in Xook
781-808 ....
Xukpi (Copan)
c.827 Xukpi abandoned
1838 Part of Honduras
Rulers
426-437 K'inich Yax K'uk Mo'
437-455 K'inich Popol Hol
465-476 Cu Ix
485-504 Muyal Jol
504-544 B'alam Nehn Waterlilly Jaguar
532-551 Wi-Ohl
551-553 Sak-ul
553-578 Tzi-b'alam Moon Jaguar
578-628 Butz' Chan
628-695 Chan Imix K'awiil
695-738 Uaxaclajuum Ub'aah K'awiil
738-749 K'ac Joplaj Chan K'awiil
749-763 Ka'c Yipyaj Chan K'awiil
763-810 Yax-Pasaj Chan Yoaat
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