Deutchland

740 German Kingdom (before 962 also styled 'East Francia')

25 Dec 800 Heiliges Römisches Reich (Holy Roman Empire, Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum),

Emperor held title "King of the Romans"

02 Feb 962 Germany the central component of the Holy Roman Empire

1356 Golden Bull establishes electral council

12 Apr 1500 Diet of Augsburg establishes six Reichskreis (imperial circles)

1512 Diet of Trier establishes four more imperial circles

1581 Secession of the Seven United Netherlands

24 Oct 1648 Peace of Westphalia

26 Jan 1679 Burgundy ceded to France by Peace of Nijmegen

02 Oct 1794 French occupation of the Rheinland

18 Oct 1797 - 1813 Rheinland territories ceded to France by Treaty of Campo Formio

26 Dec 1805 Holy Roman Empire abolished by the Treaty of Pressburg

06 Aug 1806 Empire formally dissolved

25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Confederation of the Rhine

21 Oct 1813 Central Administration Council

20 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866 German Confederation; members in official order:

- Austrian Empire (excluding Hungary, Lombardy, and Galicia)

- Kingdom of Prussia (excluding East and West Prussia and Posen)

- Kingdom of Bavaria

- Kingdom of Saxony

- Kingdom of Hanover

- Kingdom of Württemberg

- Grand Duchy of Baden

- Grand Duchy of Hesse-Kassel

- Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt

- Grand Duchy of Holstein

- Grand Duchy of Luxemburg

- Duchy of Limburg (Within the Netherlands from 1839)

- Duchy of Brunswick

- Duchy of Nassau

- Duchy of Saxe-Weimar

- Duchy of Saxe-Gotha

- Duchy of Saxe Coburg

- Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen

- Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen

- Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

- Duchy of Oldenburg

- Principality of Anhalt-Dessau (merged into Anhalt 30 Aug 1863)

- Principality of Anhalt-Bernberg

- Principality of Anhalt-Kothen

- Principality of Schwartzburg-Sondershausen

- Principality of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt

- Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (annexed by Prussia 12 Mar 1850)

- Principality of Lichtenstein

- Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (annexed by Prussia 12 Mar 1850)

- Principality of Waldeck

- Principality of Reuss Senior Line

- Principality of Reuss Junior Line

- Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Principality of Lippe

- Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg

- Landgraviate of Lauenburg (from 1817)

- Free City Lübeck

- Free City Frankfurt

- Free City Bremen

- Free City of Hamburg

12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 German Relm

01 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1870 Norddeutscher Bund (North German Confederation); members:

- Kingdom of Prussia (with Lauenburg)

- Kingdom of Saxony

- Duchy of Anhalt

- Duchy of Brunswick

- Duchy of Saxe-Gotha

- Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen

- Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen

- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

- Grand Duchy of Oldenburg

- Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

- Principality of Schwartzburg-Sondershausen

- Principality of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt

- Principality of Waldeck

- Principality of Reuss Junior Line

- Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Principality of Lippe

- Principality of Hesse-Homburg

- Free City of Lübeck

- Free City of Bremen

- Free CityHamburg

01 Jan 1871 Deutsches Reich (German Empire); members

- Kingdom Prussia

- Kingdom of Bavaria

- Kingdom of Saxony

- Kindom of Württemberg

- Grand Duchy of Baden

- Grand Duchy of Hesse

- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

- Grand Duchy of Oldenburg

- Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

- Duchy of Anhalt

- Duchy of Brunswick

- Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg

- Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

- Duchy Saxe-Meiningen

- Principality of Lippe

- Principality of Reuss-Gera

- Principality of Reuss-Greiz

- Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe

- Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt

- Principality of Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen

- Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont

- Free City of Bremen

- Free City of Hamburg

- Free City of Lübeck

- Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine

09 Nov 1918 German Socialist Republic (in opposition)

10 Nov 1918 Germany (or German Republic)

14 Aug 1919 Germany a republic* (style German Reich not officially abandoned,

restrospectively know as the "Weimar Republic")

30 Jan 1933 Drittes Reich (Third Reich) (National Socialist regime)

02 Aug 1934 Third Reich proclaimed

13 Mar 1938 - 27 Apr 1945 The act of Anschluss annexes Austria to Germany

21 Oct 1938 - 06 May 1945 Sudetenland incorporated in to Germany

15 Jun 1940 - 20 Mar 1945 Alsace-Lorraine reincorporated in to Germany

1943 Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich)

23 May 1945 - 05 May 1955 Allied military occupation (continues at reduced presence until 1994)

28 May 1945 Flensburg government is dissolved

05 Jun 1945 Third Reich formally dissolved

07 Sep 1949 Bundes Republik Deutschland, Eng: Federal Republic of Germany 'West Germany'

07 Oct 1949 - 02 Oct 1990 Deutsche Demokratische Republik, abrieviated as D.D.R (English as G.D.R, German

Democratic Republic, commonly known as "East Germany")

05 May 1955 West Germany granted full sovereignty

01 Jan 1958 Accession to the E.E.C

03 Oct 1990 Territory of the G.D.R incorporated into West Germany

03 Oct 1990 German unification (Federal Republic of Germany)

Heiliges Römisches Reich

Capital: Rome in 800, Frankfurt and Vienna.

Government: Elective Monarchy.

Language: Latin, German, Italian, French, Czech, Flemish, Polish, Slovene.

Religion: Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, Jewish.

Monarchs

740 - 755 Karolinger, Karloman I

755 - 800 Karolinger, Karl I

25 Dec 800 - 28 Jan 814 Karolinger, Karl II "Der Größe" ......................... 742-814

(Frankish King, First Holy Roman Emperor)

28 Jan 814 - 20 Jun 840 Karolinger, Ludwig I "Der Frommer" ...................... 778-840

20 Jun 840 - 28 Aug 876 Karolinger, Ludwig II "Der Deutsche" .................... 810-876

(King of East Fresia and Baveria)

28 Aug 876 - 20 Mar 880 Karolinger, Karlmann II ................................. 830-880

28 Aug 876 - 20 Jan 882 Karolinger, Ludwig III "Der Jungere" .................... 830-882

28 Aug 876 - 11 Nov 887 Karolinger, Karl III "Der Dicke" ........................ 839-888

30 Nov 887 - 08 Dec 899 Karolinger, Arnulf I .................................... 855-899

08 Dec 899 - 20 Sep 911 Karolinger, Ludwig IV "Das Kind" ........................ 893-911

10 Nov 911 - 23 Dec 918 Konradiner, Konrad I "Der Jungere" ...................... 890-918

23 Dec 918 - 02 Jul 936 Ludolfinger, Heinrich I "Der Volgler oder der Vogelfanger" 876-936

919 - 921 Ludolfinger, Arnulf "der Böse" .......................... 9..-937

(Arnulf the Bad, rival Emperor)

02 Jul 936 - 07 May 973 Ludolfinger, Otto I "Der Größe" ......................... 912-973

07 May 973 - 07 Dec 983 Ludolfinger, Otto II "Der Rote" ......................... 955-983

07 Dec 983 - 21 Jan 1002 Ludolfinger, Otto III .................................. 980-1002

21 Jan 1002 - 13 Jul 1024 Ludolfinger, Heinrich II "Der Heilige" ................ 973-1024

08 Sep 1024 - 04 Jun 1039 Salier, Konrad II ..................................... 999-1039

04 Jun 1039 - 05 Oct 1056 Salier, Heinrich III .................................. 1017-1056

05 Oct 1056 - 31 Dec 1105 Salier, Heinrich IV ................................... 1050-1106

15 Mar 1077 - 15 Oct 1080 von Rheinfeld, Rudolf ................................. 1025-1080

(Duke of Swabia, anti-King)

15 Oct 1080 - 28 Sep 1088 Salm, Hermann ......................................... 1035-1088

(Count of Salm and Ludemburg, rival to Heinrich IV)

1087 - Apr 1098 Salier, Konrad ........................................ 1074-1101

(co-Emperor with Heinrich IV)

01 Jan 1106 - 23 May 1125 Salier, Heinrich V .................................... 1086-1125

30 Aug 1125 - 04 Dec 1137 Supplinburg, Lothar II ................................ 1075-1137

(Duke of Saxony)

07 Mar 1138 - 15 Feb 1152 Hohenstaufen, Konrad III .............................. 1093-1152

(Duke of Franconia)

30 Mar 1147 - 1150 Heinrich Berengar ..................................... 1136-1150

(co-Emperor with Konrad III)

04 Mar 1152 - 10 Jun 1190 Hohenstaufen, Friedrich I Barbarossa .................. 1122-1190

(Duke of Swabia)

10 Jun 1190 - 28 Sep 1197 Hohenstaufen, Heinrich VI ............................. 1165-1197

(Duke of Thuringia)

06 Mar 1198 - 21 Aug 1208 Hohenstaufen, Philipp ................................. 1177-1208

(Duke of Swabia, rival to Otto IV)

29 Mar 1198 - 05 Jul 1212 Hohenstaufen, Otto IV ................................. 1175-1218

05 Dec 1212 - 26 Dec 1250 Hohenstaufen, Friedrich II ............................ 1194-1250

1220 - 1235 Hohenstaufen, Heinrich VII ............................ 1211-1250

(Duke of Swabia)

22 May 1246 - 16 Feb 1247 Heinrich Raspe

(Duke of Thuringia, anti-King)

26 Dec 1250 - 01 May 1254 Hohenstaufen, Konrad III .............................. 1228-1254

1247 - 28 Jan 1256 Willem van Holland .................................... 1227-1256

(anti King, in opposition)

13 Jan 1257 - 02 Apr 1272 Richard of Cornwall ................................... 1209-1272

(Duke of Cornwall)

01 Apr 1257 - 1275 Burgundy, Alfonso X ................................... 1221-1284

(King of Castille, rival King)

29 Sep 1273 - 15 Jul 1291 Habsburg, Rudolf I .................................... 1218-1291

(Duke of Styria)

05 May 1292 - 23 Jun 1298 Nassau-weilburg, Adolf ................................ 1255-1298

(Count of Nassau)

27 Jul 1298 - 01 May 1308 Habsburg, Albrecht I .................................. 1255-1308

(Archduke of Austria, Margrave of Meissen)

27 Nov 1308 - 24 Aug 1313 Luxemburg, Heinrich VII ............................... 1275-1313

(Count of Luxemburg)

20 Oct 1314 - 11 Oct 1347 Wittlesbach, Ludwig IV ................................ 1282-1347

(Duke of Baveria, King of Italy)

1314 - 13 Jan 1330 Habsburg, Friedrich "The Handsom" ..................... 1289-1330

(Archduke of Austria, rival to Ludwig IV)

11 Jul 1346 - 29 Nov 1378 Luxemburg, Karl IV .................................... 1316-1378

(Karel IV of Bohemia)

30 Jan - 24 May 1349 von Schwarzburg, Günther .............................. 1304-1349

(in opposition to Karl IV)

10 Jun 1376 - 20 Aug 1400 Luxemburg, Wenzel ..................................... 1361-1419

(King of Bohemia, co-Emperor)

21 Aug 1400 - 18 May 1410 Wittlesbach, Ruprecht von Pfalz ....................... 1352-1410

10 Sep 1410 - 09 Dec 1437 Luxemburg, Sigismund .................................. 1368-1437

(Sigismund of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia)

1410 - 08 Jan 1411 Luxemburg, Jost ....................................... 1351-1411

(Jobst of Moravia, in opposition)

18 Mar 1438 - 27 Oct 1439 Habsburg, Albrecht II (Did not accept) ................ 1397-1439

(Albert II of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia)

02 Feb 1440 - 19 Aug 1493 Habsburg, Friedrich III ............................... 1415-1493

(Archduke Frederick of Austria)

19 Aug 1493 - 12 Jan 1519 Habsburg, Maximilian I ................................ 1459-1519

(Archduke Maximilian I of Austria)

12 Jan 1519 - 06 Aug 1806 The Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire

Austrian Circle
Bavarian Circle
Burgundian Circle
Electoral Rhenish C
Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle
Lower Saxon Circle
Swabian Circle
Upper Saxon Circle

Archcharncellors for Germany

30 Mar 1695 - 25 Jul 1806 The Archbishops of Mainz

Emperor styled, (Lat: Romanorum Imperator Augustus) Roman Emperor Augustus, King of the Germans, (Ger: Römisch-deutscher Kaiser). Old Latin style: Rex Teutonicus.

Germany 1806-1866

Prince-Primate of the Confederation of the Rhein

25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 Karl Theodor Anton Maria Kämmerer ..................... 1744-1817

(Grand Duke of Frankfurt)

President of the Central Adminidtration Council

21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Prinz Heinrich Friedrich Karl,

Freiherr vom und zum Stein ........................... 1757-1831

Presidents of the German Confederation

20 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866 The Emperors of Austria

12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 Habsburg, Johann Erzherzog von Österreich ............. 1782-1859

(Imperial Vicar)

Presidents of the National Assembly in Frankfurt

18 May - 19 May 1848 Friedrich Lang ........................................ 1778-1859

19 May 1848 - 12 Jul 1849 Heinrich Wilhelm August, Freiherr von Gagern .......... 1799-1880

Prime Ministers

15 Jul - 16 Sep 1848 Karl Emich, Prinz von Leiningen-Westerburg ............ 1804-1856

16 Sep - 18 Dec 1848 Anton von Schmerling .................................. 1805-1893

18 Dec 1848 - 16 May 1849 Heinrich, Freiherr von Gagern

16 May - 21 May 1849 Maximillian Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Grävell ............ 1781-1860

21 May - 20 Dec 1849 August, Prinz von Sayn-Wittgenstein zu Berleburg ...... 1788-1874

Presidential Envoys to the Federal Parliment (from Austria)

05 Oct - 16 Dec 1815 Franz Josef Freiherr von Albini auf Dürrenreid ........ 1748-1816

16 Dec 1815 - 24 Feb 1823 Johann Rudolf Graf von Buol-Schauenstein .............. 1763-1834

24 Feb 1823 - 12 Mar 1848 Joachim Eduard, Freiherr von Münch-Bellinghausen ...... 1786-1866

12 Mar - 14 May 1848 Franz, Graf von Colloredo-Wallsee ..................... 1799-1859

14 May - 12 Jul 1848 Anton von Schmerling .................................. 1805-1893

01 May 1850 - 01 Nov 1852 Friedrich, Graf von Thun-Hohenstein ................... 1810-1891

01 Jan 1853 - 12 Oct 1855 Anton Freiherr Prokesch ............................... 1795-1876

12 Oct 1855 - 04 May 1859 Johann Bernhard,

Graf von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen .................... 1806-1899

23 May 1859 - 24 Aug 1866 Aloys Freiherr von Kübeck ............................. 1819-1873

North German Confederation

Capital: Berlin.

Languages: German, Polish, Danish, Lithuanian, Friesian.

Religion: Evangelical Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Jewish.

National Anthem: None.

National Motto: None.

National Emblem None.

National Day: None.

Currency: Vereinsthaler.

President of the North German Confederation

01 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1870 Hohenzollen, Wilhelm I von Preussen ................... 1797-1888

Prime Minister

14 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1870 Otto Eduard Eduard Leopold Graf

von Bismark-Schönhausen .............................. 1815-1898

Deutsches Kaiserreich

Capital: Berlin.

Languages: German, Polish, Lithuanian, Friesian.

Religion: Evangelical Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Jewish.

National Anthem to 1918: "Heil dir im Siegerkranz" ("Hail to thee in the victors crown").

National Motto: Gott mit uns (God is with us).

National Emblem: Black Eagel.

National Day: None (Sedantag, 02 Sept 1870 [unofficial]).

Currency: German Paper Mark.

Kaiseren (Emperors)

18 Jan 1871 - 09 Mar 1888 Hohenzollen, Wilhelm I ................................ 1797-1888

(King of Prussia)

09 Mar - 15 Jun 1888 Hohenzollen, Friedrich III ............................ 1831-1888

(King of Prussia)

15 Jun 1888 - 28 Nov 1918 Hohenzollen, Wilhelm II ............................... 1859-1941

(King of Prussia, acting from 09 Mar 1888)

(in Netherlands exile from 10 Nov 1918)

09 Nov 1918 - 14 Aug 1919 Vacant

Chancellors

01 Jan 1871 - 20 Mar 1890 Prinz Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismark-Schönhausen ..... s.a

20 Mar 1890 - 29 Oct 1894 Georg Leo von Caprivi de Caprera

de Montecuccoli ...................................... 1831-1899

29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900 Prinz Chlodwig Carl Viktor,

Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurs

von Ratibor und Corvey .............................. 1819-1901

17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909 Prinz Bernard Heinrich Karl Martin,

Graf von Bülow ....................................... 1849-1929

14 Jul 1909 - 16 Jul 1917 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg ......................... 1856-1921

16 Jul - 02 Dec 1917 Georg Michealis ....................................... 1857-1936

02 Dec 1917 - 05 Oct 1918 Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling ..................... 1843-1919

05 Oct - 09 Nov 1918 Maximilion Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm,

Prinz von Baden ...................................... 1867-1929

09 Nov 1918 - 11 Feb 1919 Friedrich Ebert ....................................... 1871-1925 SPD

Former States

Weimar Republic

Government: Parliamentary federal republic.

Capital: Berlin.

Language: German, Sorbian, Polish, Lithuanian, Friesian.

Religion: Protestant 64%, Roman Catholic 32%, Jewish 0.2%, Other 2.6% (1925).

National Anthem: "Lied der Deutschen" ("Song of the Germans").

National Emblem: Black Eagle.

National Day: 11th August, Verfassungstag (1919)

National Motto: Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit (Unity, Justice and Freedom).

Currency: Reichsmark.

Reichspresidenten

07 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1925 Friedrich Ebert ....................................... 1871-1925 SPD

28 Feb - 12 Mar 1925 Hans Luther ........................................... 1879-1962

(acting)

12 Mar - 12 May 1925 Walter Simons ......................................... 1861-1937

(acting)

12 May 1925 - 02 Aug 1934 Paul Ludwig Hans Anton

von Beneckendorff und von Hindernberg ................ 1847-1934

Chairmen of the People's Deputies

10 Nov 1918 - 11 Feb 1919 Friedrich Ebert ....................................... s.a

10 Nov - 30 Dec 1918 Hugo Haase ............................................ 1863-1919

(with Ebert)

30 Dec 1918 - 21 Jun 1919 Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann .......................... 1865-1939 SPD

(with Ebert to 11 Feb 1919)

Reichskanzleren

21 Jun 1919 - 27 Mar 1920 Gustaf Adolf Bauer .................................... 1870-1944 SPD

(President of the Government to 14 Aug 1919)

27 Mar - 21 Jun 1920 Herman Müller (1st Time) .............................. 1876-1931 SPD

21 Jun 1920 - 10 May 1921 Konstantin Fehrenbach ................................. 1852-1926

10 May 1921 - 22 Nov 1922 Karl Joseph Wirth ..................................... 1879-1956

22 Nov 1922 - 13 Aug 1923 Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno ............................... 1876-1933

13 Aug - 30 Nov 1923 Gustav Stresemann ..................................... 1878-1929

30 Nov 1923 - 16 Jan 1925 Wilhelm Marx (1st Time) ............................... 1863-1946

16 Jan 1925 - 13 May 1926 Hans Luther ........................................... s.a

13 May 1926 - 28 Jun 1928 Wilhelm Marx (2nd Time)

28 Jun 1928 - 30 Mar 1930 Herman Müller (2nd Time)

30 Mar 1930 - 01 Jun 1932 Heinrich Aloisius Maria Elisabeth Brüning ............. 1885-1970

01 Jun - 03 Dec 1932 Franz Josef Hermann Michael Maria von Papen ........... 1879-1969

03 Dec 1932 - 30 Jan 1933 Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann von Schleicher ....... 1882-1934

___________________________________________________________________________________________

German Socialist Republic

29 Oct 1918 First stage of the revolution

03 Nov 1918 - 11 Aug 1919 Second stage of the revolution

09 Nov 1918 Proclomation of the German Socialist Republic

04 Jan - 15 Jan 1919 Spartacist uprising

06 Feb 1919 Socialist revolution is defeated

Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Workers' and Soldiers' Councils of Greater Berlin

09 Nov - 20 Dec 1918 Richard Müller ........................................ 1880-1943 KPD

09 - 12 Nov 1918 Hans-Georg von Beerfelde .............................. 1877-1960 Mil

12 Nov - 20 Dec 1918 Hugo Brutus Hermann Molkenbuhr ........................ 1881-1959 SPD

Chairmen of the Central Council of the German Socialst Republic

20 Dec 1918 - 06 Feb 1919 Robert Leinert ........................................ 1873-1940 SPD

+ Emmanuel Cohen-Reuss .................................. 1876-1963 SPD

+ Hermann Müller ........................................ 1876-1931 SPD

Greater German Reich (Third Reich)

30 Jan 1933 National Socialist government takes power

02 Aug 1934 Drittes Reich (Third Reich) proclaimed

13 Mar 1938 - 27 Apr 1945 The act of Anschluss annexes Austria to Germany

21 Oct 1938 - 06 May 1945 Sudetenland incorporated in to Germany

15 Jun 1940 - 20 Mar 1945 Alsace-Lorraine reincorporated in to Germany

1943 Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Realm)

28 May 1945 Flensburg government is dissolved

05 Jun 1945 Third Reich dissolved

Government: One Party State.

Capital: Berlin.

Language: German, Sorbian, Polish, Czech.

Religion: Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 40%, Gottglaubig 3.5%, Atheist 1.5% (1939).

National Anthem: "Horst-Wessel-Lied" (Horst-Wessel Song).

National Emblem: Swastika and Eagle.

National Day: 1st May, Tag der Nationalen Arbeit (1933).

National Motto: Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer (One People, One Land, One Leader).

Currency: Reichsmark.

Reichsführer

02 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler .......................................... 1889-1945 NSDAP

Reichspresident

30 Apr - 23 May 1945 Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz ............................. 1891-1980 Mil

Reichskanzleren

30 Jan 1933 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler .......................................... s.a

30 Apr - 01 May 1945 Paul Josef Goebbles ................................... 1897-1945 NSDAP

Leading Minister of State

02 May - 23 May 1945 Ludwig Johann Graf von Kosnigk ........................ 1887-1977

NSDAP=Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party,

Pan-Germanism, ethno-nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-Communism, extreme-right.

Gaue

Occupation of Germany

23 May 1945 - 05 May 1955 Allied military occupation

01 Jan 1947 Bizone created by economic merger of UK and US zone

08 May 1949 Trizone formed with merger of the French zone

07 Sep 1949 Western zones become 'West Germany'

07 Oct 1949 Eastern Zone becomes 'East Germany'

05 May 1955 End of Allied occupation

15 Mar 1991 Allied control ends

British Zone

22 May 1945 British zone (Northwest zone) of occupation including

the states of Lower Saxony, Hamburg, Northrhein-Westphalia

and Schleswig-Holstein

07 Sep 1949 Part of West Germany

24 Jun 1950 End of military government

05 May 1955 Zone is dissolved

Military Governors

22 May 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 Sir Bernard Law Montgomery,

Viscount Alamein .................................... 1887-1976

01 May 1946 - 31 Oct 1947 William Sholto Douglas,

Baron of Kirtleside ................................. 1893-1969

01 Nov 1947 - 24 Jun 1950 Brian Hubert Robertson,

Baron of Oakridge ................................... 1896-1974

High Commissioners

24 Jun 1950 - 29 Sep 1953 Sir Ivone Augustine Kirkpadrick ...................... 1897-1964

29 Sep 1953 - 05 May 1955 Frederick Robert Hoyer Millar,

Baron Inchyra ....................................... 1900-1989

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Dutch Zone

1949-1963 Annexation of Tudderen and Eltern

1963- Returned to Germany

Landdrost of Tudderen

23 Apr 1949 - 31 Jul 1963 Hubert Michiel Jozef Dassen .......................... 1909-1978

Landdrosten of Elten

23 Apr 1949 - 28 Oct 1961 Adriaan Blaauboer .................................... 1906-1961

05 Nov 1961 - 31 Jul 1963 Hans Georg Inundat,

Baron van Tuyll van Serooskerken .................... 1917-1988

__________________________________________________________________________________________

French Zone

Military Governors

May - Jul 1945 Jean Joseph Marie de Lattre de Tessigny .............. 1889-1952

Jul 1945 - 21 Sep 1949 Marie Pierre Koenig .................................. 1898-1970

High Commissioner

21 Sep 1949 - 05 May 1955 André François-Poncet ................................ 1887-1978

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Soviet Zone

21 Jan 1945 Soviet occupation of East Prussia

01 May 1945 Soviet occupation zone (Eastern Zone) including Brandenburg,

East Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuüringen

07 Oct 1949 Soviet zone becomes the German Democratic Republic

20 Sep 1955 Soviet zone formally dispanded

Military Governors

01 May 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov ........................ 1896-1974

10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 Vasily Danilovich Sokolovski ......................... 1897-1968

29 Mar - 10 Oct 1949 Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov ............................. 1900-1982

High Commissioners

10 Oct 1949 - 28 May 1953 Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov

28 May 1953 - 16 Jul 1953 Vladimir Semenovich Semyonov ......................... 1911-1992

16 Jul 1953 - 20 Sep 1955 Georgy Maksimovich Pushkin ........................... 1909-1963

__________________________________________________________________________________________

United States Zone

08 May 1945 American zone of occupationn, states of Bavaria, Bremen,

Hessen and Wurttemberg-Hohenzollern

05 May 1955 End of U.S occupation

Military Governors

08 May - 10 Nov 1945 Dwight David Eisenhower .............................. 1890-1960

11 Nov - 25 Nov 1945 George Smith Pattern ................................. 1885-1945

25 Nov 1945 - 05 Jan 1947 Joseph Taggart McNarney .............................. 1893-1972

06 Jan 1947 - 14 May 1949 Lucius Dubignon Clay ................................. 1897-1978

15 May - 31 Aug 1949 Clarence Ralph Huebener .............................. 1888-1972

High Commissioners

01 Sep 1949 - 31 Jul 1952 John Jay McCloy ...................................... 1895-1989

01 Aug - 11 Dec 1952 Walter J. Donnelly ................................... 1896-1970

11 Dec 1952 - 10 Feb 1953 Samuel Reber ......................................... 1903-1971

10 Feb 1953 - 05 May 1955 James Bryant Conant .................................. 1893-1978

Bundesrepublik Deutschland (West Germany)

23 May 1945 Western Germany occupied by the western allies

01 Jan 1947 German Economic Zone (Bizone) formed by the British and U.S zones

20 Mar 1948 End of the four power administarion when the U.S.S.R quits

08 Apr 1949 Trizone formed with the adistion of the French zone

07 Sep 1949 Federal Republic of Germany 'West Germany'

05 May 1955 Full sovereignty

01 Jan 1958 Accession to the EEC

03 Oct 1990 Territory of the GDR incorporated into the FRD

Government: Federal Republic.

Capital: Bonn.

Language: German, Friesian.

Demographics: German 93%, Turkish (and Kurdish) 2.5%, Yugoslav 1%, Other 3.5%.

Religion: Roman Catholic 42%, Protestant 41%, Islam 2.7%, Non-religious 11.4% (1987).

National Anthem: "Lied der Deutschen" ("Song of the Germans").

National Day: National Memorial Day, 17 June (1953).

National Emplem: Black Eagle.

National Motto: Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit (Unity, Justice and Freedom).

EU Accession: Founding member 1957.

Currency: Deutsch Mark.

Chairmen of the Bizonial Economic Council

11 Mar 1946 - 16 Jan 1947 Rudolf Mueller ........................................ 1904-1987

16 Jan - 25 Jun 1947 Viktor Agarz .......................................... 1897-1964

Chairmen of the Landsrat of the United Economic Area

25 Jun 1947 - 1948 Erich Köhler .......................................... 1892-1958

24 Feb 1948 - 06 Feb 1949 Franz Heinrich Köhler ................................. 1878-1949

Jul - 07 Sep 1949 Christian Paul Stock .................................. 1884-1967

Federal Presidents

07 Sep - 12 Sep 1949 Karl Arnold ........................................... 1901-1958

(acting)

12 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1959 Theodor Heuss ......................................... 1884-1963

12 Sep 1959 - 30 Jun 1969 Karl Heinrich Lubke ................................... 1894-1972

01 Jul 1969 - 30 Jun 1974 Gustav Walter Heinemann ............................... 1899-1976

01 Jul 1974 - 30 Jun 1979 Walter Scheel ......................................... 1919-2016

01 Jul 1979 - 30 Jun 1984 Karl Karstens ......................................... 1914-1992

01 Jul 1984 - 02 Oct 1990 Dr Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker ............... 1920-2015

Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Trizone Economic Council

02 Mar 1948 - 15 Sep 1949 Hermann Josef Pünder .................................. 1888-1976 CDU

Chancellors

16 Sep 1949 - 16 Oct 1963 Dr Konrad Hermman Josef Adenauer ...................... 1876-1967 CDU

16 Oct 1963 - 01 Dec 1966 Dr Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard .............................. 1897-1977 CDU

01 Dec 1966 - 21 Oct 1969 Dr Kurt Georg Kiesinger ............................... 1904-1988 CDU

21 Oct 1969 - 16 May 1974 Herbert Wilhelm Ernst Karl Frahm Brandt ............... 1913-1992 SPD

16 May 1974 - 01 Oct 1982 Helmut Heinrich Waldermar Schmit ...................... 1918-2015 SPD

01 Oct 1982 - 02 Oct 1990 Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ............................. 1930-2017 CDU

___________________________________________________________________________________________

West Berlin

30 Nov 1948 - 02 Oct 1990 Divided into East and West Berlin.

West Berlin closely affiliated,

but not legally part of West Germany though

it was a member of the federal parliament and

was internationally represented by the West German government.

07 Sep 1949 - 20 Jun 1991 Capital moved to Bonn

03 Oct 1990 East and West Berlin reunited

Mayors

07 Dec 1948 - 29 Sep 1953 Ernst Rudolf Johannes Reuter .......................... 1886-1972 CDU

30 Sep 1953 - 11 Jan 1955 Walther Schreiber ..................................... 1889-1953 SPD

11 Jan 1955 - 30 Aug 1957 Otto Suhr ............................................. 1894-1957 SPD

30 Aug - 03 Oct 1957 Franz Amrehn .......................................... 1912-1981 CDU

(acting)

03 Oct 1957 - 01 Dec 1966 Wilhelm Brandt ........................................ 1913-1992 SPD

01 Dec 1966 - 19 Oct 1967 Heinrich Albertz ...................................... 1915-1993 SPD

19 Oct 1967 - 02 May 1977 Klaus Schütz .......................................... 1926-2012 SPD

02 May 1977 - 23 Jan 1981 Dietrich Stobbe ....................................... 1938-2011 SPD

23 Jan - 11 Jun 1981 Hans-Jochen Vogel ..................................... 1926-2020 SPD

(acting)

11 Jun 1981 - 09 Feb 1984 Richard von Weizsäcker ................................ s.a CDU

09 Feb 1984 - 16 Mar 1989 Eberhard Diepgen ...................................... s.a CDU

16 Mar 1989 - 24 Jan 1991 Walter Lutz Momper .................................... s.a SPD

CDU=Christlich Demokratische Union (Consevative).

SPD=Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social Democratic).

Deutsche Demokratische Republik (East Germany)

02 May 1945 Area forms the Soviet occupation zone

07 Oct 1949 Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic)

12 Aug 1961 - 09 Nov 1989 Berlin is devided by the Berlin Wall

09 Nov 1989 Berlin Wall demolished

03 Dec 1989 End of Socialist Unity Party rule

31 Aug 1990 Signing of the German Unification Treaty

03 Oct 1990 Incorporated in to Federal Republic of Germany

Government: Socialist Republic.

Capital: East Berlin.

Language: German, Sorbian.

Ethnic Groups: German 98.6%, Sorb 0.6%, Vietnamese 0.4%, African 0.1%, Polish 0.1% (1989).

Religion: Lutheran, Roman Catholic.

National Anthem: "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" (Risen from the Ruins).

National Emblem: Hammer and Compasses.

National Day: 07 October, Founding of the DDR (1949).

National Motto: Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch! (Workers of the world unite!).

Currency: DDR Mark.

General Secretaries of the Socialist Unity Party

21 Apr 1946 - 25 Jul 1950 Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck ..................... 1876-1960 SED

25 Jul 1950 - 03 May 1971 Ernst Paul Walter Ulbrecht ........................... 1893-1973 SED

(Chairman of the Central Committee to 01 Aug 1973)

03 May 1971 - 18 Oct 1989 Erich Honecker ....................................... 1912-1994 SED

18 Oct - 03 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz ........................................... 1937- SED

16 Dec 1989 - 04 Feb 1990 Gregor Gysi .......................................... 1948- PDS

Co-Chairman of the Presidium of the Volkskammer

19 Mar 1948 - 07 Oct 1949 Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck ..................... s.a SED

- Wilhelm Külz ......................................... 1875-1948 LDP

- Otto Nuschke ......................................... 1883-1957 CDU

- Ernst Goldenbaum ..................................... 1898-1990

- Lothar Bolz .......................................... 1903-1986

- Hermann Kastner ...................................... 1886-1957 LDP

Presidents

07 Oct 1949 - 07 Sep 1960 Friederich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck .................... s.a SED

07 Sep - 12 Sep 1960 Johannes Dieckmann ................................... 1893-1969 LDP

Chairmen of the Volkskammer

12 Sep 1960 - 01 Aug 1973 Ernst Paul Walter Ulbrecht ........................... s.a SED

01 Aug - 03 Oct 1973 Friedrich Ebert ...................................... 1894-1979 SED

03 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Wilhelm Stoph ........................................ 1914-1999 SED

29 Oct 1976 - 24 Oct 1989 Erich Honecker ....................................... s.a SED

24 Oct - 06 Dec 1989 Egon Krenz ........................................... s.a SED

06 Dec 1989 - 05 Apr 1990 Manfred Gerlach ...................................... 1928-2011 LDP

Head of State

05 Apr - 02 Oct 1990 Sabine Bergmann-Pohl ................................. 1946- CDU

Chairman of the German Economic Council

09 Mar 1948 - 11 Oct 1949 Heinrich Rau ......................................... 1899-1961 SED

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

12 Oct 1949 - 21 Sep 1964 Otto Gotewohl ........................................ 1894-1964 SED

21 Sep 1964 - 03 Oct 1973 Wilhelm Stolph (1st Time) SED

03 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 Horst Sindermann ..................................... 1915-1990 SED

29 Oct 1976 - 13 Nov 1989 Wilhelm Stolph (2nd Time)

13 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990 Hans Modrow .......................................... 1928-2023 SED

Prime Minister

12 Apr - 02 Oct 1990 Lothar de Maizière ................................... 1940- CDU

SED=Sozialisitsche Einheitspartei Deutschlande (Socialist Unity Party, Communist)

LDP=Liberaldemokratische Partei (Liberal Democratic Party, from 1990 part of FDP)

CDU=Christlich Demokratische Union (Christian Democratic Party, conservative)

Districts

Bundesrepublic Deutschland

03 Oct 1990 German unification

Government: Federal Republic.

Capital: Berlin.

Language: German, Sorbian, Friesian, Turkish, Serbo-Croat.

Ethic Groups: German 81.3%, Polish 3.6%, Turkish 3.4%, Europeans 8.4%,

Asian 1.4%, Arab 1.3% (2016).

Religion: Protestant, Roman Catholic, Sunni Islam, Buddhisum.

National Anthem: "Lied der Deutschen" ("Song of the Germans").

National Day: Unification day, 03 October (1990).

National Emplem: Black Eagel.

National Motto: Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit (Unity, Justice and Freedom).

EU Accession: Founding member 1957 (1990).

Currency: Euro (Deutsch Mark 1990-2001).

Presidents

03 Oct 1990 - 30 Jun 1994 Dr Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker .............. s.a

01 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1999 Dr Roman Herzog ...................................... 1934-2017

01 Jul 1999 - 30 Jun 2004 Johannes Rau ......................................... 1931-2006

01 Jul 2004 - 31 May 2010 Horst Köhler ......................................... 1944-

31 May - 30 Jun 2010 Jens Böhrnsen ........................................ 1949-

(President of the Bundesrat, acting)

01 Jul 2010 - 17 Feb 2012 Christian Wilhelm Walter Wulff ....................... 1959-

17 Feb - 18 Mar 2012 Horst Lorenz Seehofer ................................ 1949-

(acting)

18 Mar 2012 - 19 Mar 2017 Joachim Wilhelm Gauck ................................ 1940-

19 Mar 2017 - Frank-Walter Steinmeier .............................. 1956-

Chancellors

03 Oct 1990 - 27 Oct 1998 Helmut Josef Michael Kohl ............................ s.a

27 Oct 1998 - 22 Nov 2005 Gerhard Friedrich Kurt Schröder ...................... 1944- SPD

22 Nov 2005 - 08 Dec 2021 Angela Dorothea Kasner Merkel ........................ 1954- CDU

08 Dec 2021 - Olaf Scholz .......................................... 1958- SPD

AfD=Alternative für Deutschland (Right-wing populism, Eurosceptism)

CDU=Christlich Demokratische Union (Conservative).

SPD=Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social-Democratic).

FDP=Freie Demokranische Partei (Liberal).

PDS=Die Linke=Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (Socialist).

G=Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Environmentalist).

Preussen (Prussia)

Small arms to 1918 Greater Arms 1873-1918

Prussia is listed separate from the other pre-1870 German states as Prussia was the largest and most powerful German state before unification. Prussia also had the distinction of being outside the Holy Roman Empire, while Brandenburg was an electoral member in its own right until 1806. Prussia began as a Baltic nation in present day Kaliningrad in the Russian Federation, before being conquered and settled by the Crusader Knights of the Teutonic Order in the twelfth century. From 1454 Prussia was a fief of the Polish Crown in personal union with the Kingdom of Poland; in 1618 Prussia was inherited by the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg. Prussia elevated itself to a kingdom outside the empire in 1701, from which date Prussia became one of the European central powers. The end of Prussia as a polity occurred in stages. In 1870 Prussia lost its independent status when the Hohenzollern king became the German emperor; from this point Prussia and Germany became one. Though Prussia was maintained as a Freistaat (Free State) after the 1918 revolution, central authority was terminated in 1932 leading up to the start of the Nazi regime. In 1935 all German states ceased to function in practice and in 1945, following the occupation of Germany, the abolition of Prussia became final.

20 May 965 Founding of Nordmark

11 Jun 1157 Mark Brandenburg

1230 Preußen part of the Teutonic Order

09 Sep 1309 East Prussia the seat of the Grand Master

06 Mar 1454 Prussia in personal union with Poland

19 Oct 1466 - 19 Sep 1657 Prussia a Polish fief

09 Apr 1525 Duchy of Prussia

18 Jul 1618 In Personal union with Brandenburg (Brandenburg-Prussia)

18 Jan 1701 Königreich Preußen (Kingdom of Prussia)

22 Jan 1758 - Sep 1762 East Prussia occupied by Russia, annexed 24 Jan 1758

05 Aug 1772 West Prussia annexed

Dec 1812 - Jan 1813 East Prussia cccupied by France

01 Jul 1867 - 31 Dec 1870 Chair of the North German Confederation

01 Jan 1871 Part of German Empire

09 Nov 1918 Freistaat von Preußen (Free State of Prussia)

13 Mar - 17 Mar 1920 Failed 'Kapp Putsch' against the Prussian government

20 Jul 1932 End of the Prussian central government

15 Sep 1935 Free State de facto abolished

25 Feb 1947 Prussia dissolved, areas west of the Oder and Niese rivers

annexed in to Poland and USSR.

Capital: Berlin (Königsberg to 1701).

Languages: German, Polish, Lithuanian.

Religion: Evangelical Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Jewish.

National Anthem: "Preußenlied" ("Song of Prussia")

Royal Anthem to 1918: "Heil dir im Siegerkranz" "Hail to thee in the victors crown"

National Motto: Jedem das Sein (To each his own).

National Emblem: Black Eagel.

Currency: Vereinsthaler (1857-1873).

Rulers

965 - 999 Widewuto

999 - .... Bruteno

1230 - 1525 The Knights of the Teutonic Oder

Herzogen (Dukes)

10 Apr 1525 - 20 Mar 1568 Hohenzollern, Albrecht von Brandenberg-Ansbach ....... 1490-1568

20 Mar 1568 - 27 Feb 1578 Hohenzollern, Albrecht Friedrich ..................... 1553-1618

(1st Time)

27 Feb 1578 - 25 Apr 1603 Hohenzollern, Georg Friedrich ........................ 1539-1603

(Administrators)

25 Apr 1603 - 18 Jul 1608 Hohenzollern, Joachim III Friedrich von Brandenburg .. 1546-1608

(Regent)

25 Apr 1603 - 18 Jul 1618 Hohenzollern, Albrecht Friedrich (2nd Time)

18 Jul 1618 - 03 Mar 1619 Hohenzollern, Johann Sigismund,

Markgraf von Brandenburg, Herzog von Preußen ........ 1572-1619

(Regent from 18 Jul 1608)

03 Mar 1619 - 01 Dec 1640 Hohenzollern, Georg Wilhelm, Herzog von Preußen ...... 1595-1640

01 Dec 1640 - 09 May 1688 Hohenzollern, Friedrich Wilhelm ...................... 1620-1688

09 May 1688 - 18 Jan 1701 Hohenzollern, Friedrich I ............................ 1657-1713

Königen (Kings)

18 Jan 1701 - 25 Feb 1713 Hohenzollern, Friedrich I ............................ s.a

25 Feb 1713 - 31 May 1740 Hohenzollern, Friedrich Wihelm I ..................... 1688-1740

"Der Soldatenkönig"

31 May 1740 - 17 Aug 1786 Hohenzollen, Friedrich II ............................ 1712-1786

"Der Größe"

17 Aug 1786 - 16 Nov 1797 Hohenzollern, Friedrich Wilhelm II ................... 1744-1797

16 Nov 1797 - 07 Jun 1840 Hohenzollern, Friedrich Wilhelm III .................. 1770-1840

07 Jun 1840 - 02 Jan 1861 Hohenzollern, Friedrich Wilhelm IV ................... 1795-1861

02 Jan 1861 - 09 Mar 1888 Hohenzollern, Wilhelm I .............................. 1797-1888

(Regent from 07 Oct 1858)

09 Mar - 15 Jun 1888 Hohenzollern, Friedrich III .......................... 1831-1888

15 Jun 1888 - 28 Nov 1918 Hohenzollern, Wilhelm II ............................. 1859-1941

(in exile from 10 Nov 1918)

Ministers of State

1619 - 1640 Adam Graf von Schwarzenburg .......................... 1583-1640

24 Nov 1808 - 04 Jun 1810 Karl Friedrich Ferdiand Alexander,

Graf von Dohna-Schlobitten

Chancellors

04 Jun 1810 - Jun 1822 Karl August von Hardenberg

Jun 1822 - 30 Jun 1823 Otto Karl Freiherr von Voss .......................... 1755-1823

01 Jul 1823 - 14 Feb 1841 Karl Friedrich Heinrich,

Graf von Wylich und Lottum .......................... 1767-1841

09 Mar 1841 - 19 Mar 1848 Ludwig Gustav von Thile .............................. 1781-1852

19 Mar - 29 Mar 1848 Adolf Heinrich Graf von

Arnim-Boitzenburg ................................... 1803-1868

29 Mar - 20 Jun 1848 Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen .......................... 1803-1890

25 Jun - 21 Sep 1848 Rudolf Ludwig Cäsar

von Auerswald ....................................... 1795-1866

21 Sep - 31 Oct 1848 Ernst Heinrich Adolf von Pfuel ....................... 1779-1866

01 Nov 1848 - 19 Dec 1850 Friedrich Wilhelm

Graf von Brandenburg ................................ 1792-1850

19 Dec 1850 - 06 Nov 1858 Otto Theodor Freiherr

von Manteuffel ...................................... 1805-1882

06 Nov 1858 - 17 Mar 1862 Karl Anton Joachim Zephyrinus Friedrich Meinrad

Fürst von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen .................. 1811-1885

17 Mar - 23 Sep 1862 Adolf Karl Friedrich Ludwig

Fürst von Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen ..................... 1797-1873

23 Sep 1862 - 31 Dec 1872 Prinz Otto Leopold

von Bismark-Schönhausen (1st Time) .................. s.a

01 Jan - 09 Nov 1873 Albrecht Theodor Emil Graf von Roon

09 Nov 1873 - 20 Mar 1890 Prinz Otto Leopold

von Bismark-Schönhausen (2nd Time)

20 Mar 1890 - 23 Mar 1892 Leo Graf von Caprivi ................................. s.a

23 Mar 1892 - 29 Oct 1894 Botho Wendt August,

Graf zu Eulenburg ................................... 1831-1912

29 Oct 1894 - 09 Nov 1918 The Imperial Chancellors

- Vice-prime ministers acting for the Imperial Chancellors -

09 Nov 1873 - 23 Mar 1878 Otto von Camphausen .................................. 1812-1896

29 May 1878 - 20 Jun 1881 Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode .................... 1837-1896

08 Oct 1881 - 29 Oct 1894 Robert Victor von Puttkamer .......................... 1828-1900

16 Aug 1888 - 30 Jun 1897 Carl Heinrich von Boetticher

01 Jul 1897 - 05 May 1901 Johannes Franz von Miquel ............................ 1828-1901

29 Jun 1901 - 14 Jul 1909 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg

16 Aug 1914 - 22 May 1916 Clemens Gottlieb Ernst von

Delbrück .......................................... 1856-1921

22 May 1916 - 09 Nov 1917 Paul von Breitenbach ................................. 1850-1930

09 Nov 1917 - 09 Nov 1918 Robert Friedberg ..................................... 1851-1920

Prussian Provinces to 1946

Full style of the Monarch: König von Preussen, Markgraf zu Brandenburg, Burggraf zu Nürnberg, Graf zu Hohenzollern, souveräner und oberster Herzog von Schlesien wie auch der Grafschaft Glatz, Grossherzog vom Niederrhein und Posen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Westfalen und Engern, zu Pommern, Lüneburg, Holstein und Schleswig, zu Magdeburg, Bremen, Geldern, Cleve, Jülich und Berg, sowie auch der Wenden und Kaschuben, zu Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg, Landgraf zu Hessen und Thüringen, Markgraf der Ober- und Niederlausitz, Prinz von Oranien, Fürst zu Rügen, zu Ostfriesland, zu Paderborn und Pyrmont, zu Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, zu Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau und Moers, gefürsteter Graf zu Henneberg, Graf der Mark und zu Ravensberg, zu Hohnstein, Tecklenburg und Lingen, zu Mansfeld, Sigmaringen und Veringen, Herr zu Frankfurt.

King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg; burgrave of Nuremberg, count of Hohenzollern; sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand duke of the Lower Rhine and of Poznan; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holsatia and Sleswick, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt).

Note: Until 1857 the Prussian King used the style "Prince of Neuchatel" in the canton of Neuchatel in Switzerland. The monarchy was deposed in Neuchatel in the 1848 revolution.

Orders: Hoher Orden vom Schwarzen Adler (Order of the Black Eagle).

Hohenzollernscher Hausorden (Order of the House of Hohenzollern).

Kronenorden (Order of the Crown).

Luisen-Orden (Order of Louise).

Wilhelm-Orden (Order of Wilhelm).

Pour le Mérite.

Verdienstorden der Preußischen Krone (Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown).

Heligoland

10 Aug 1490 Part of Holstein-Gottorp

07 Aug 1714 Part of the Danish royal realm (Duchy of Schleswig)

05 Dec 1807 British occupation

14 Jan 1814 Ceded to Great Britain by Denmark by Triety of Kiel

01 Jul 1890 Ceded to Germany by Great Britain in exchange for Zanzibar

15 Dec 1890 Annexed by Germany

08 May 1945 - 01 Mar 1952 Under British military occupation

01 Mar 1952 Restored to Germany

Lieutenant governors

05 Sep - 16 Oct 1807 Corbet James d'Auvergne .............................. 1767-1826

(acting)

16 Oct 1807 - 1815 William Osborne Hamilton ............................. 1750-1818

1815 - 1840 Sir Henry King ....................................... 1777/78-1854

13 Oct 1840 - 07 Mar 1857 Sir John Hindmarsh ................................... 1775-1860

1857 - 1863 Richard Pattinson .................................... 1809-1875

Governors

02 Jun 1863 - 1881 Sir Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Maxse ................. 1832-1883

26 Oct 1881 - 1888 John Terence Niolls O'Brien .......................... 1830-1903

27 Nov 1888 - 09 Aug 1890 Arthur Cecil Stuart Barkly ........................... 1843-1890

German Administrator

09 Aug 1890 - 1891 Adolf Wermuth ........................................ 1855-1927

(interim)

Saar

09 Mar 1801 - 1814 Saar annexed by France

11 Nov 1918 - 26 Feb 1920 French occupation

26 Feb 1920 Under League of Nations administration

01 Mar 1935 Re-incorporated into Germany after a

plebliscite with 90.73% in favour

31 Jul 1945 - 31 Dec 1956 French administration

23 Oct 1955 Referendum results in 67% against proposed

independence under West European Union protection

01 Jan 1957 Re-incorporated into Germany

Supreme-Administrators (for France)

20 Nov 1918 - 17 Feb 1919 Henri Wirbel (1st Time) .............................. 1861-1948

17 Feb - 20 Nov 1919 Joseph Louis Marie Andlauer .......................... 1869-1956

20 Nov 1919 - 07 Mar 1920 Henri Wirbel (2nd Time)

Presidents of the Governoring Commission

26 Feb 1920 - 31 Mar 1926 Victor Michel Émile Marie Rault ...................... 1858-1930 (France)

01 Apr 1926 - 09 Jun 1927 George Washington Stephens ........................... 1866-1942 (Canada)

01 Apr - 20 Jun 1927 František Veženský ................................... 18..-1938 (Czechoslovakia)

(acting for Stephens)

20 Jun 1927 - 31 Mar 1932 Sir Ernest Collville Collins Wilton .................. 1870-1952 (United Kingdom)

01 Apr 1932 - 28 Feb 1935 Geoffrey Geroge Knox ................................. 1884-1958 (United Kingdom)

Chairman of the Tripartite Committee of the League of Nations for the Saar Territory

28 Feb - 01 Mar 1935 Barone Pompeo Aloisi, conti di Allumiere ............. 1875-1949 (Italy)

Military Governors (Chief of the Diplomatic Mission for France from 1952)

Mar - 07 Jul 1945 Louis G. Kelly ....................................... 1897-1970 (United States)

07 Jul - 07 Sep 1945 Louis Constant Morlière .............................. 1897-1980 (France)

07 Sep 1945 - 08 Jul 1955 Gilbert Yves Édmond Grandval ......................... 1904-1981 (France)

08 Jul 1955 - 27 Oct 1956 Charles Marie Eric de Carbonnel ...................... 1910-1965 (France)

Presidents of the Landsrat

19 Jul 1922 - 23 Mar 1924 Bartholomäus Kossmann ................................ 1883-1952

23 Mar 1924 - 28 Feb 1935 Peter Scheuer ........................................ 1882-1944

President of the Government

04 May 1945 - 06 Oct 1946 Hans Neureuter ....................................... 1901-1953

Chairman of the Administration Commission

07 Oct 1946 - 15 Dec 1947 Erwin Müller ......................................... 1906-1968

Minister-Presidents

15 Dec 1947 - 30 Oct 1955 Johannes Hoffmann .................................... 1890-1967

30 Oct 1955 - 10 Jan 1956 Heinrich Welsch ...................................... 1888-1976

10 Jan 1956 - 04 Jun 1957 Hubert Ney ........................................... 1892-1984 CDU