Eastern Empire
Byzantine Empire
25 Jul 306 Byzantine Empire
17 Jan 395 Upon the death of Emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire
is divided between his sons Arcadius (Emperor in the East)
and Honorius (Emperor in the West); the division becomes final
04 Sep 476 End of the Western Roman Empire
634 Arab conquest of Syria
639 Arab conquest of Egypt
670 Arab conquest of Tunisia and Algeria
1191 Cyprus under Crusader control
May 1204 Constantinople sacked by Forth Crusader forces
09 May 1204 - 15 Aug 1261 Empire of Romania (Latin Empire)
1204 - 25 Dec 1261 Empire in Nicea (Byzantine)
25 Dec 1261 Byzantine empire restored to Constantinople
1424 Tributary of the Ottoman state
29 May 1453 Constantinople captured by the Osmanli Turks,
the Empire is dissolved
Capital: Constantinople
Language: Greek, Latin.
Religion: Eastern Orthodoxy.
Currency: Gold Solidos.
Emperors
25 Jul 306 - 22 May 337 Konstantínos, Agios Konstantínos A (Constantine I)
22 May 337 - 05 Oct 361 Konstantínos, Agios Konstantínos B (Constantine II)
05 Oct 361 - 28 Jun 363 Konstantínos, Ioulianós A (Julian I)
28 Jun 363 - 17 Feb 364 Iovianós (Jovian)
(Non-dynastic military ruler)
26 Feb 364 - 17 Nov 375 Valentinianos, Oualentianos A (Valentinian I)
28 Mar 364 - 09 Aug 378 Valentinianos, Ouális A (Valens I)
(co-Emperor to 375)
09 Aug 378 - 19 Jan 379 Valentinianos, Gratianós (Gratian)
19 Jan 379 - 17 Jan 395 Theodosios, Theodósios I (Theodosius I)
17 Jan 395 - 01 May 408 Theodosios, Arcádios I (Arcadius I)
01 May 408 - 28 Jul 450 Theodosios, Theodósios II (Theodosius II)
28 Jul 450 - Jan 457 Theodosios, Markianós (Marcian)
07 Feb 450 - 18 Jan 474 Leonta, Léon I (Leo I)
18 Jan - 17 Nov 474 Leonta, Léon II (Leo II)
09 Feb 474 - 09 Jan 475 Leonta, Zínon (Zeno) (1st Time)
(co-Emperor to 17 Nov 474)
09 Jan 475 - Aug 476 Leonta, Vasilískos (Basiliscus)
Aug 476 - 09 Apr 491 Leonta, Zínon (2nd Time)
11 Apr 491 - 09 Jul 518 Leonta, Anastásios I (Anastasius I)
Jul 518 - 01 Aug 527 Lustinios, Ioustínos I (Justin I)
01 Aug 527 - 14 Nov 565 Lustinios, Ioustiniavós I (Justinian I)
14 Nov 565 - 05 Oct 578 Lustinios, Ioustínos II (Justin II)
05 Oct 578 - 14 Aug 582 Lustinios, Tibérios I (Tiberius I)
14 Aug 582 - Nov 602 Lustinios, Maurikios I (Maurice I)
Nov 602 - 05 Oct 610 Phokás (Phocas)
(Non-dynastic military ruler)
05 Oct 610 - 11 Feb 641 Heraklios, Irákleois I (Heraclius I)
11 Feb - 26 May 641 Heraklios, Iraklonás I (Heraclius II)
11 Feb - Sep 641 Heraklios, Konstantínos III (Constantine III)
(co-Emperor)
Sep 641 - 15 Sep 668 Heraklios, Kónstas II (Constans II)
15 Sep 668 - 669 Mizizios the Armenian
(Usurper Emperor in Sicily)
15 Sep 668 - Sep 685 Heraklios, Konstantínos IV (Constantine IV)
681 - 695 Heraklios, Ioustiniavós II (Justinian II)
(co-Emperor to 685)
695 - 698 Leóntios (Leontius)
(Non-dynastic military governor-general)
698 - 705 Tibérios II (Tiberius II)
(Non-dynastic military ruler;
deposed by the Bulgarians)
705 - 11 Dec 711 Heraklios, Ioustinianós II (Justinian II)
11 Dec 711 - 03 Jun 713 Philippikós (Philippicus) "the Armenian"
(Non-dynastic military ruler)
03 Jun 713 - Nov 715 Anastásios II (Anastasius II)
(Imperial secretary)
Nov 715 - 25 Mar 717 Theodósios III (Theodosius III)
(Non-dynastic civil servant)
25 Mar 717 - 18 Jun 741 Isauria, Léon III (Leo III)
720 - 14 Sep 775 Isauria, Konstantínos V (Constantine V)
(co-Emperor to 741)
25 Jan 750 - 08 Sep 780 Isauria, Léon IV (Leo IV)
(co-Emperor to 775)
777 - Jul 797 Isauria, Konstantínos VI (Konstantine VI)
(co-Emperor to 780)
Jul 797 - 31 Oct 802 Sarantapíchaina, Eiríni I (Irene) of Athens
31 Oct 802 - 26 Jul 811 Nikephoros, Nikiphóros I (Nikephoros I)
803 - 02 Oct 811 Nikephoros, Stavrákios (Stauracius)
(co-Emperor to 811)
02 Oct 811 - 11 Jul 813 Nikephoros, Michaíl I (Michael I)
11 Jul 813 - 25 Dec 820 Léon V (Leo V) "The Armenian"
(Non-dynastic Emperor)
25 Dec 820 - 02 Oct 829 Phrigia, Michaíl II (Michael II)
02 Oct 829 - 20 Jan 842 Phrigia, Theóphilos (Theophilos)
20 Jan 842 - 855 Phrigia, Theodóra I (Theodora I)
(regent)
842 - 23 Sep 867 Phrigia, Michaíl III "The Drunkard"
Oct 867 - 02 Aug 886 Makedón, Vasileios II (Basil II) "the Macedonian"
02 Aug 886 - 11 May 912 Makedón, Léon VI (Leo VI)
11 May 912 - 913 Makedón, Aléxandros I (Alexander I)
09 May 908 - 09 Nov 959 Makedón, Konstantínos VII (Constantine VII)
17 Dec 919 - 16 Dec 944 Makedón, Romanós I (Romanus I)
(co-Emperor)
09 Nov 959 - 15 Mar 963 Makedón, Romanós II (Romanus II)
16 Aug 963 - 11 Dec 969 Makedón, Nikiphóros II (Nikephoros II)
11 Dec 969 - 10 Jan 976 Makedón, Ioánnis I (John I)
10 Jan 976 - 15 Dec 1025 Makedón, Vaíleios II (Basil II)
15 Dec 976 - 15 Nov 1028 Makedón, Konstantínos VIII
15 Nov 1028 - Jun 1050 Porphyrogennitos, Zoí I (Zoë) ................ 978-1050
15 Nov 1028 - 11 Apr 1034 Argyrós, Romanós III (Romanus III) ........... 968-1034
(1st husband of Zoí)
11 Apr 1034 - 10 Dec 1041 Paphlagón, Michaíl IV (Michael IV) .......... 1010-1041
(2nd husband of Zoí)
10 Dec 1041 - 20 Apr 1042 Kalaphátis, Michaíl V (Michael V) ........... 1015-1042
(Nephew of Zoí)
11 Jun 1042 - 11 Jan 1055 Monomáchos, Konstantínos IX (Constantine IX) 1000-1055
(3rd husmand of Zoí)
11 Jan 1055 - 31 Aug 1056 Porphyrogennitos, Theodóra II (Theodora II) . 984-1056
01 Sep 1056 - 31 Aug 1057 Michaíl VI .................................. ....-1059
(Non dynastic Emperor, Minister of Defence)
31 Aug 1057 - 22 Nov 1059 Komnenos, Isaákios I (Isaac II) ............. 1005-1061
24 Nov 1059 - 22 May 1067 Doúkas, Konstantínos X (Constantine X) ...... 1006-1067
22 May 1067 - 24 Mar 1078 Doúkas, Michaíl VII (Michael VII) ........... 1050-1090
(Senior Emperor from 1071)
01 Jan 1068 - 24 Oct 1071 Diogénis, Romanós V (Romanus V) ............. 1032-1072
(co-Emperor)
31 Mar 1078 - 10 Dec 1081 Votaneiátis, Nikiphóros III (Nikephoros III). 1001-1081
04 Apr 1081 - 15 Aug 1118 Komnenos, Aléxios I (Alexius I) ............. 1048-1118
(co-Emperor to 10 Dec 1081)
15 Aug 1118 - 08 Apr 1143 Komnenos, Ioánnes II (John II) .............. 1087-1143
08 Apr 1143 - 24 Sep 1180 Komnenos, Manouíl I (Manuel I) .............. 1118-1180
24 Sep 1180 - Oct 1183 Komnenos, Aléxios II (Alexius II) ........... 1169-1183
Oct 1183 - 02 Sep 1185 Komnenos, Andrónikos I ...................... 11..-1185
02 Sep 1185 - 1195 Aggelos, Isaákios II (Isaac II) ............. 1156-1205
(1st Time)
1195 - 23 Jun 1203 Aggelos, Aléxios III (Alexius III) .......... 1153-1211
31 Jul 1201 Komnenos, Ioánnes (III) "the Fat"
(usurper)
23 Jun 1203 - 28 Jan 1204 Aggelos, Isaákios II (2nd Time)
23 Jun 1203 - 28 Jan 1204 Aggelos, Aléxios IV (Alexius IV) ............ 1182-1204
(co-Emperor)
28 Jan - 05 Feb 1204 Kanavós, Nikolaós (Nicholas) ................ 11..-1205
05 Feb - 12 Apr 1204 Moúrtzouphlos, Aléxios V Doúkas (Alexius V) . 1140-1205
1204 - Oct 1205 Láskaris, Konstantínos "The Defender of Constantinople"
- Empire of Nicea -
Emperors
1205 - 15 Dec 1221 Láskaris, Theódoros I (Theodore I) .......... 1174-1221
15 Dec 1221 - 03 Nov 1254 Vatatzes, Ioánnis III (John III) ............ 1192-1254
04 Nov 1254 - 18 Aug 1258 Láskaris, Theódoros II (Theodore II) ........ 1222-1258
18 Aug 1234 - 25 Dec 1261 Láskaris, Ioánnis IV (John IV) .............. 1250-1305
(Senior Emperor 1259-61)
- Byzantine Empire restored -
Emperors
01 Jan 1259 - 11 Dec 1282 Palaeologos, Michaíl VIII (Michael VIII) .... 1223-1282
(co-Emperor to 25 Dec 1261)
11 Dec 1282 - 24 May 1328 Palaeologos, Andrónikos II .................. 1259-1332
1295 - 12 Oct 1320 Palaeologos, Michaíl IX (Michael IX) ........ 1277-1320
(co-Emperor)
1316 - 15 Jun 1341 Palaeologos, Andrónikos III ................. 1297-1341
(Senior Emperor from 24 May 1328)
15 Jun 1341 - 08 Feb 1347 Palaeologos, Ioánnis V (John V) ............. 1332-1391
(1st Time)
15 Jun - 1341 Ioánnis Kantakouzenós ....................... 1292-1383
(regent)
Oct 1341 - 08 Feb 1347 Regents
- Jeanne de Savoie ............................ 1308-1365
- Patriárchis Ioánnis Kalékas ................. 1282-1347
08 Feb 1347 - 04 Dec 1354 Kantakouzenós, Ioánnis VI (John VI) ......... s.a
15 Apr 1353 - Dec 1357 Kantakouzenós, Matthias I Asánis (Matthew) .. 1325-1391
(co-Emperor to 04 Dec 1354)
04 Dec 1354 - 12 Aug 1376 Palaeologos, Ioánnis V (2nd Time)
12 Aug 1376 - 01 Jul 1379 Palaeologos, Andrónikos IV .................. 1348-1385
(co-Emperor c.1352-76)
01 Jul 1379 - 14 Apr 1390 Palaeologos, Ioánnis V (3rd Time)
01 Jul 1379 - 17 Sep 1390 Palaeologos, Ioánnis VII (John VII) ......... 1370-1408
(co-Emperor to 14 Apr 1390)
17 Sep 1390 - 16 Feb 1391 Palaeologos, Ioánnis V (4th Time)
16 Feb 1391 - 21 Jul 1425 Palaeologos, Manouíl II (Manuel II) ......... 1350-1425
(co-Emperor 1373-91)
1404 - 1407 Palaeologos, Andrónikos V ................... 1400-1407
(co-Emperor)
21 Jul 1425 - 31 Oct 1448 Palaeologos, Ioánnis VIII (John VIII) ....... 1392-1448
(co-Emperor 1416-25)
31 Oct 1448 - 29 May 1453 Palaeologos, Konstantínos XI (Constantine XI) 1405-1453
31 Oct 1448 - 12 Mar 1449 Jelena Dragaš tis Servias ................... 1372-1450
(acting for Konstantínos XI)
30 May 1453 - May 1460 Palaeologos, Dimítros of Morea .............. 1407-1470
(de jure Emperor in exile)
30 May 1453 - 12 May 1465 Palaeologos, Thomás of Morea ................ 1409-1465
(co-Emperor to 1460 de jure)
12 May 1465 - 1494 Palaeologos, Andréas ........................ 1453-1502[1]
(Titular Emperor of Constantinople, in Rome exile)
[1] Sold his Title and rights to Charles VIII of France (1470-98) and then to
Fernando and Isabella of Spain; neither were known to have used them and the title
falls into desuetude from this point on.
Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye (Ottoman Empire)
1230 Sögüt Beylik of the Oghuz Turks within the Seljuk Empire
18 Sep 1385 Albania conquered by the Ottomans
25 Sep 1396 Bulgaria conquered by the Ottomans
29 May 1453 With the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire (now only
consisting of Eastern Thrace) is abolished and succeeded by the
Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye; known in English as the Ottoman Empire
and Osman Empire in other languages.
1459 Serbia conquered by the Ottoman Empire
1477 Bosnia and Herzegovina incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
1514 Western Armenia incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
1516 Conquest of Algeria
22 Jan 1517 Egypt conquered by Ottoman Empire
29 Aug 1541 - 26 Jan 1699 Hungary partitioned between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires
1551 Tripoli captured by Ottoman forces
1571 Conquest of Cyprus
1574 Conquest of Tunisia
12 Sep 1683 Ottomans defeated at the Battle of Vienna
21 Jul 1774 By Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, North Caucasus are ceded to the
Russian Empire; the Crimea is made independent
09 Jul 1805 De facto autonomoy of Egypt
26 Jul 1817 Serbian Principality is recognised as autonomous
25 Mar 1821 Independence of Greece (recognised in 1830)
01 Jul 1878 By Treaty of Berlin, Montenegro, Rumania and Serbia are fully
independent, Bosnia to be occupied by Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria to be autonomous and Cyprus made a possession
of the British Empire
12 May 1881 Tunisia a French protectorate
02 Jul 1881 Thessaly is incorporated into Greece
05 Oct 1908 Bulgaria declares independence
06 Oct 1908 Bosnia and Herzegovina annexed by Austria-Hungary
18 Oct 1912 Libya ceded to Italy (occupied since 03 Oct 1911)
20 Oct 1912 Üsküp (Skopje) area annexed by Serbia
24 Nov 1912 Samos (under Ottoman suzraignty since 1832)
is incorporated into Greece
28 Nov 1912 Albania independent
30 May 1913 Crete (under Ottoman suzeraignty since 1898)
is incorporated into Greece
10 Aug 1913 Macedonia and Epirus are annexed by Greece
13 Feb 1914 Ageane Islands (except Rhodes and Dodecanese)
incorporated into Greece
05 Nov 1914 Cyprus annexed by Great Britain
18 Dec 1914 Egypt (occupied since 1882) is made a British protectorate
25 Sep 1918 Jordan occupied by Britain
26 Sep 1918 Palestine occupied by Britain (League of Nations mandate from 1922)
13 Nov 1918 - 02 Oct 1923 Allied occupation of Constantinople and the Staits Zone
02 Dec 1918 - 07 Jan 1922 French occupation of Cilicia
10 Jan 1919 Iraq fully occupied by Britain (League of Nations
mandate from 11 Nov 1920)
29 Apr 1919 - 05 Jul 1921 Italian occupation of Antalya
15 May 1919 - 08 Sep 1922 Greek occupation of Smyrna and Eastern Thrace
19 May 1919 - 01 Nov 1922 Turkish war of independence
23 Apr 1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly proclaimed in opposition in Ankara
10 Aug 1920 By the Treaty of Serves, Lebanon and Syria ceded to France,
Cilicia occupied by France; Palestine, Iraq, and Jordan ceded to
Britain, Italy to occupy Antalya, Rhodes and the Dodecanese;
Eastern Thrace and Smyrna ceded to Greece; Hejaz and Armenia to be
independent; Kurdistan autonomous (never realised) and Zone of
Straites under Allied occupation
07 Feb 1921 State of Turkey declared
01 Nov 1922 Ottoman dynastic rule ends (retroactively from 16 Mar 1920)
29 Oct 1923 Republic of Turkey
03 Mar 1924 Caliphate is abolished
Government: Constitutional Monarchy (from 1908).
Capital: Konstantiyya (Constantinople).
Language: Osmanli (Ottoman Turkish [official]).
Religion: Islam, Christianity, Judaism.
National Anthem: "Mahmudiya" (used 1808-39, 1918-22).
National Emblem: Tughra.
National Day:
National Motto: Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State).
Curruncy: Ottoman Lira (1844-1923).
Beys
11.. - 1227 Osmanli, Süleyman Shah
1227 - 1281 Osmanli, Ertugrul
1281 - 29 Jul 1326 Osmanli, Osman I Gazi .................. 1258-1326
1326 - 1359 Osmanli, Orhan Gazi .................... 1288-1361
Emirs
1359 - 28 Jun 1389 Osmanli, Murad I Hüdavendîgâr .......... 1326-1389
28 Jun 1389 - 20 Jul 1402 Osmanli, Bayezid I Yildirim ............ 1347-1403
20 Jul 1402 - 26 May 1421 Osmanli, Mehmed I Çelebî ............... 1382-1421
(in Eastern Anatolia to 5 Jul 1413)
20 Jul 1402 - 17 Feb 1411 Süleyman ............................... 1377-1411
(in opposition in Rumelia)
1403 - 1405 Isa .................................... 13..-1406
(in Western Anatolia)
18 Feb 1411 - 05 Jul 1413 Musa ................................... 13..-1413
(in Rumelia)
26 May 1421 - 03 Feb 1451 Osmanli, Murad II Koca ................. 1404-1451
Padishahs (Emperors)
03 Feb 1451 - 03 May 1481 Osmanli, Mehmed II Fatîh ............... 1432-1481
03 May 1481 - 25 Apr 1512 Osmanli, Bayezid II Velî ............... 1446-1512 "the Saint"
25 Apr 1512 - 21 Sep 1520 Osmanli, Selim I Yavuz ................. 1467-1520
21 Sep 1520 - 06 Sep 1566 Osmanli, Süleyman I Muhtesme ........... 1494-1566 "the magnificent"
06 Sep 1566 - 12 Dec 1574 Osmanli, Selim II Sari ................. 1524-1574 "sarkosh"
12 Dec 1574 - 16 Jan 1595 Osmanli, Murad III ..................... 1546-1595
16 Jan 1595 - 22 Dec 1603 Osmanli, Mehmed III Adlî ............... 1566-1603 "the Just"
22 Dec 1603 - 22 Nov 1617 Osmanli, Ahmed I Bakhti ................ 1590-1617 "the Fortunate"
22 Nov 1617 - 26 Feb 1618 Osmanli, Mustafa I Delî (1st Time) ..... 1592-1639
26 Feb 1618 - 20 May 1622 Osmanli, Osman II Genç ................. 1603-1622 "the Young"
20 May 1622 - 10 Sep 1623 Osmanli, Mustafa I Delî (2nd Time)
10 Sep 1623 - 09 Feb 1640 Osmanli, Murad IV Ghazi ................ 1612-1640 "the Warrior"
09 Feb 1640 - 08 Aug 1648 Osmanli, Ibrahim I Delî ................ 1615-1648
08 Aug 1648 - 08 Nov 1687 Osmanli, Mehmed IV Avci ................ 1641-1692 "the Hunter"
08 Nov 1687 - 23 Jun 1691 Osmanli, Süleyman II Ghazi ............. 1644-1691
23 Jun 1691 - 06 Feb 1695 Osmanli, Ahmed II Khan Ghazi ........... 1642-1695
06 Feb 1695 - 22 Aug 1703 Osmanli, Mustafa II Ghazi .............. 1664-1703
22 Aug 1703 - 01 Oct 1730 Osmanli, Ahmed III Ghazi ............... 1673-1736
01 Oct 1730 - 14 Dec 1754 Osmanli, Mahmud I Kambur ............... 1696-1754
14 Dec 1754 - 30 Oct 1757 Osmanli, Osman III Sofu ................ 1696-1757 "the Devout"
30 Oct 1757 - 21 Jan 1774 Osmanli, Mustafa III Yenîlîkçi ......... 1717-1774
21 Jan 1774 - 07 Apr 1789 Osmanli, Abdülhamid I Islahatçi ........ 1725-1789
07 Apr 1789 - 29 May 1807 Osmanli, Selim III Bestekâr ............ 1761-1808
29 May 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Osmanli, Mustafa IV .................... 1779-1808
28 Jul 1808 - 01 Jul 1839 Osmanli, Mahmud II Inkilâpçi ........... 1785-1839
01 Jul 1839 - 25 Jun 1861 Osmanli, Abdülmecid I Tanzîmatçi ....... 1823-1861
25 Jun 1861 - 30 May 1876 Osmanli, Abdülâziz Bahtsiz ............. 1830-1876
30 May - 31 Aug 1876 Osmanli, Mehmed Murad V ................ 1840-1904
31 Aug 1876 - 27 Apr 1909 Osmanli, Abdülhamid II ................. 1842-1918
27 Apr 1909 - 03 Jul 1918 Osmanli, Mehmed V Reshâd ............... 1844-1918
03 Jul 1918 - 19 Nov 1922 Osmanli, Mehmed VI ..................... 1861-1926
(left the capital 19 Jun 1922,
as Caliph only from 4 Nov 1922)
24 Nov 1922 - 29 Oct 1923 Osmanli, Abdülmecid II Halîfe .......... 1868-1944
(as Caliph only, continues to 03 Mar 1924)
Sadrazam (Grand Viziers)
1497 - 1498 Hersekzade Ahmad Pasha (1st Time) ...... 1459-1517
(Stjepan Vukcic Kosaca Hercegović)
1499 - 1501 Mesih Pasha
(son of Gidos Palaiologos)
1501 - 1503 Hadim Ali Pasha
1503 - 1506 Hersekzade Ahmad Pasha (2nd Time)
1506 - 1511
1511 Hersekzade Ahmad Pasha (3rd Time)
1511 - 1512 Koca Mustafa Pasha
1512 - 28 Nov 1514 Hersekzade Ahmad Pasha (4th Time)
18 Dec 1514 - 08 Sep 1515 Dukakinzade Ahmad Pasha
(Dukagjini)
08 Sep 1515 - 26 Apr 1516 Hersekzade Ahmad Pasha (5th Time)
26 Apr 1516 - 22 Jan 1517 Hadim Sinan Pasha ...................... 14..-1517
(Borovinić)
22 Jan - 13 Sep 1517 Yunus Pasha
25 Jan 1518 - 27 Jun 1523 Piri Mehmed Pasha
27 Jun 1523 - 14 Mar 1536 Pargali "Frenk" Ibrahim Pasha .......... 1493-1536 "the Westerner"
14 Mar 1536 - 13 Jul 1539 Ayas Mehmed Pasha ...................... 1483-1539
13 Jul 1539 - Apr 1541 Damat Çelebi Lütfi Pasha ibn Abd al-Min 1488-1564
Apr 1541 - 28 Nov 1544 Hadim Suleiman Pasha
28 Nov 1544 - 06 Oct 1553 Kehle-i-ikbâl Rüstem Pasha (1st Time) .. 1500-1561
(Opuković)
06 Oct 1553 - 29 Sep 1555 Kara Ahmed Pasha
29 Sep 1555 - 10 Jul 1561 Kehle-i-ikbâl Rüstem Pasha Opukovic
(2nd Time)
10 Jul 1561 - 28 Jun 1565 Semiz Ali Pasha
(Pračić)
28 Jun 1565 - 11 Oct 1579 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ................... 1506-1579
(Bajica Sokolovic)
12 Oct 1579 - 28 Apr 1580 Shemsi Ahmet Pasha ..................... 1492-1580
28 Apr - 07 Aug 1580 Vekil-i Saltanat Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha 1500-1580
07 Aug 1580 - 06 Dec 1582 Koca Sinan Pasha (1st Time) ............ 1506-1596
24 Dec 1582 - 25 Jul 1584 Kanijeli Siyavush Pasha (1st Time) ..... 15..-1602
(Sijavuš Kanjižanin)
25 Jul 1584 - 29 Oct 1585 Özdemiroglu Osman Pasha ................ 1527-1585
01 Nov 1585 - 14 Apr 1586 Hadim Mesih Pasha
14 Apr 1586 - 02 Apr 1589 Kanijeli Siyavush Pasha (2nd Time)
14 Apr 1589 - 01 Aug 1591 Koca Sinan Pasha (2nd Time)
01 Aug 1591 - 04 Apr 1592 Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1st Time)
04 Apr 1592 - 28 Jan 1593 Kanijeli Siyavush Pasha (3rd Time)
28 Jan 1593 - 16 Feb 1595 Koca Sinan Pasha (3rd Time)
16 Feb - 07 Jul 1595 Serdar Ferhad Pasha (2nd Time)
07 Jul - 19 Nov 1595 Koca Sinan Pasha (4th Time)
19 Nov - 28 Nov 1595 Tekeli Mehmed Pasha .................... 15..-1595
01 Dec 1595 - 03 Apr 1596 Koca Sinan Pasha (5th Time)
04 Apr - 27 Oct 1596 Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1st Time) ......... 1517-1601
27 Oct - 05 Dec 1596 Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha ........... 1545-1605
05 Dec 1596 - 03 Nov 1597 Damat Ibrahim Pasha (2nd Time)
03 Nov 1597 - 09 Apr 1598 Hadim Hasan Pasha
09 Apr 1598 - 06 Jan 1599 Cerrah Mehmed Pasha .................... 15..-1604
06 Jan 1599 - 10 Jul 1601 Damat Ibrahim Pasha
22 Jul 1601 - 04 Oct 1603 Yemishçi Hasan Pasha ................... 1535-1603
(Jemishxhi)
04 Oct 1603 - 26 Jul 1604 Malkoç Yavuz Ali Pasha
05 Aug 1604 - 21 Jul 1606 Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha
21 Jul - 09 Dec 1606 Dervish Mehmet Pasha
11 Dec 1606 - 05 Aug 1611 Kuyucu Murad Pasha
05 Aug 1611 - 17 Oct 1614 Gümülcineli Damat Nasut Pasha
17 Oct 1614 - 17 Nov 1616 Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha (1st Time)
17 Nov 1616 - 18 Jan 1619 Damat Halil Pasha
18 Jan - 23 Dec 1619 Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha
(2nd Time)
23 Dec 1619 - 09 Mar 1621 Güzelce Ali Pasha
09 Mar - 17 Sep 1621 Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha
17 Sep 1621 - 20 May 1622 Dilaver Pasha
20 May - 13 Jun 1622 Kara Davud Pasha
13 Jun - 08 Aug 1622 Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1st Time)
08 Aug - 21 Sep 1622 Lefkeli Mehmed Pasha
21 Sep 1622 - 05 Feb 1623 Gürcü Mehmed Pasha
05 Feb - 30 Aug 1623 Mere Hüseyin Pasha
(2nd Time)
30 Aug 1623 - 03 Apr 1624 Kemankesh Kara Ali Pasha
03 Apr 1624 - 28 Jan 1625 Çerkes Mehmed Ali Pasha
08 Feb 1625 - 01 Dec 1626 Filibeli Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
(1st Time)
01 Dec 1626 - 06 Apr 1628 Damat Halil Pasha (2nd Time)
06 Apr 1628 - 25 Oct 1631 Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha
25 Oct 1631 - 10 Feb 1632 Filibeli Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
(2nd Time)
10 Feb - 18 May 1632 Topal Recep Pasha
18 May 1632 - 02 Feb 1637 Tabaniyassi Mehmed Pasha
02 Feb 1637 - 26 Aug 1638 Bayram Pasha
27 Aug - 23 Dec 1638 Tayyar Mehmed Pasha
23 Dec 1638 - 31 Jan 1644 Kemankes Kara Mustafa Pasha
31 Jan 1644 - 17 Dec 1645 Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha
17 Dec 1645 - 16 Sep 1647 Nevesinli Salih Pasha
21 Sep 1647 - 07 Aug 1648 Herzarpare Ahmed Pasha
07 Aug 1648 - 21 May 1649 Sofu Mehmed Pasha
21 May 1649 - 05 Aug 1651 Kara Dev Murad Pasha
05 Aug - 21 Aug 1651 Melek Ahmad Pasha
21 Aug - 27 Sep 1651 Abaza Siyavus Pasha
27 Sep 1651 - 20 Jun 1652 Gürcü Mehmed Pasha
20 Jun 1652 - 21 Mar 1653 Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha
21 Mar 1653 - 28 Oct 1654 Koca Devish Mehmed Pasha
28 Oct 1654 - 11 May 1655 Ipsiri Mustafa Pasha
11 May - 19 Aug 1655 Kara Dev Murad Pasha
19 Aug 1655 - 28 Feb 1656 Ermeni Suleyman Pasha
28 Feb - 05 Mar 1656 Gazi Hüseyin Pasha
(Did not take office)
05 Mar - 25 Apr 1656 Abaza Siyavus Pasha
26 Apr - 15 Sep 1656 Boynuyarali Mehmed Pasha
15 Sep 1656 - 31 Oct 1661 Köprülü Mehmed Pasha ................... 1575-1661
31 Oct 1661 - 19 Oct 1676 Köprülü Fazli Ahmed Pasha
19 Oct 1676 - 25 Dec 1683 Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
25 Dec 1683 - 18 Nov 1685 Kara Ibrahim Pasha
18 Nov 1685 - 18 Sep 1687 Sari Süleyman Pasha
18 Sep 1687 - 23 Feb 1688 Ayasli Ismail Pasha
23 Feb - 30 Mar 1688 Nisanci Ismail Pasha ................... 1619-1690
30 May 1688 - 07 Nov 1689 Bekri Mustafa Pasha .................... 16..-1690
07 Nov 1689 - 19 Aug 1691 Köprülü Fazil Mustafa Pasha ............ 1637-1691
24 Aug 1691 - 21 Mar 1692 Arabaci Ali Pasha ...................... 1620-1693
21 Mar 1692 - 17 Mar 1693 Merfizonlu Haci Ali Pasha .............. 1640-1698
17 Mar 1693 - Mar 1694 Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha
13 Mar 1694 - 22 Apr 1695 Sürmeli Ali Pasha
03 Mar 1695 - 11 Sep 1697 Elmas Mehmed Pasha
17 Sep 1697 - 04 Sep 1702 Amcazade Hüseyin Pasha
04 Sep 1702 - 24 Jan 1703 Daltaban Mustafa Pasha
24 Jan - 22 Aug 1703 Rami Mehmed Pasa
22 Aug - 17 Nov 1703 Kavanoz Nisanci Ahmed Pasha
17 Nov 1703 - 28 Sep 1704 Damad Hasan Pasha
28 Sep - 25 Dec 1704 Kalaylikoz Haci Ahmed Pasha
25 Dec 1704 - 03 May 1706 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (1st Time)
03 May 1706 - 16 Jun 1710 Damad Çorlulu Ali Pasha
16 Jun - 18 Aug 1710 Köprülüzade Damad Numan Pasha
18 Aug 1710 - 20 Nov 1711 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (2nd Time)
20 Nov 1711 - 12 Nov 1712 Aga Yusuf Pasha
12 Nov 1712 - 06 Apr 1713 Silahdar Süleyman Pasha
06 Apr - 27 Apr 1713 Ibrahim Hoca Pasha
27 Apr 1713 - 05 Aug 1716 Sehid Damed Silhadar Ali Pasha
05 Aug 1716 - 26 Aug 1717 Haci Halil Pasha
26 Aug 1717 - 09 May 1718 Nisanci Mehmed Pasha
09 May 1718 - 01 Oct 1730 Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha
01 Oct 1730 - 22 Jan 1731 Damad Silhadar Mehmed Pasha
22 Jan - 10 Sep 1731 Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha
10 Sep 1731 - 12 Mar 1732 Topal Osman Pasha
12 Mar 1732 - 12 Jul 1735 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (1st Time)
12 Jul 1735 - 09 Jan 1736 Gürcü Ismail Pasha
09 Jan 1736 - 06 Aug 1737 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha
06 Aug - 19 Dec 1737 Muhsinzade Abdullah Çelebi
19 Dec 1737 - 22 Mar 1739 Yegen Mehmed Pasha
22 Mar 1739 - 23 Jun 1740 Haci Ivazzade Mehmed Pasha
22 Jul 1740 - 21 Apr 1742 Nisanci Haci Ahmed Pasha
21 Apr - 23 Sep 1742 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (2nd Time)
23 Sep 1742 - 09 Aug 1746 Said Hasan Pasha
09 Aug 1746 - 24 Aug 1747 Tiryaki Haci Mehmed Pasha
24 Aug 1747 - 03 Jan 1750 Boynuegri Seyyid Abdullah Pasha
03 Jul 1750 - 01 Jul 1753 Divitdar Mehmed Pasha
01 Jul 1753 - 15 Feb 1755 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(1st Time)
15 Feb - 18 May 1755 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (3rd Time)
18 May - 24 Aug 1755 Nalli Abdullah Pasha
24 Aug - 25 Oct 1755 Nisaci Biyikli Ali Pasha
25 Oct 1755 - 01 Apr 1756 Mehmed Said Pasha
01 Apr 1756 - 11 Jan 1757 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(2nd Time)
11 Jan 1757 - 08 Apr 1763 Koca Mehmed Ragib Pasha
08 Apr - 01 Nov 1763 Hamza Hamid Pasha
01 Nov 1763 - 28 Mar 1765 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(3rd Time)
28 Mar 1765 - 07 Aug 1768 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1st Time)
07 Aug - 20 Oct 1768 Silahdar Mahir Hamza Pasha
20 Oct 1768 - 12 Aug 1769 Yaglikçizade Nisani Mehmed Emin Pasha
12 Aug - 12 Dec 1769 Moldovanci Ali Pasha
12 Dec 1769 - 25 Dec 1770 Ivazzade Halil Pasha
25 Dec 1770 - 11 Dec 1771 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha .................. 1710-1771
11 Dec 1711 - 04 Aug 1774 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd Time)
04 Aug 1774 - 06 Jul 1775 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1st Time) .......... 1732-1783
06 Jul 1775 - 05 Dec 1777 Dervis Mehmed Pasha .................... 1730-1777
05 Dec 1777 - 01 Sep 1778 Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha ...... 1716-1784
01 Sep 1778 - 21 Aug 1779 Kalafat Mehmed Pasha ................... 17..-1792
21 Aug 1779 - 20 Feb 1781 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha ........... 1735-1781
20 Feb 1781 - 25 Aug 1782 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd Time)
25 Aug - 31 Dec 1782 Yegen Haci Mehmed Pasha ................ 1726-1786
01 Jan 1783 - 31 Mar 1785 Halil Hamid Pasha ...................... 1736-1785
31 Mar 1785 - 24 Jan 1786 Sahin Ali Pasha ........................ 17..-1789
24 Jan 1786 - 28 May 1789 Koca Yusuf Pasha (1st Time) ............ 1730-1800
28 May - 03 Dec 1789 Kethuda Çerkes Hasan Pasha
03 Dec 1789 - 30 Mar 1790 Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha ............. 1713-1790
30 Mar 1790 - 15 Feb 1791 Rusçuklu Cezayirli Hasan Serif Pasha ... 17..-1791
15 Feb 1791 - 04 May 1792 Koca Yusuf Pasha (2nd Time)
04 May 1792 - 19 Oct 1794 Damad Melek Mehmed Pasha ............... 1720-1802
19 Oct 1794 - 30 Aug 1798 Izzet Mehmed Pasha ..................... 1743-1812
30 Aug 1798 - 24 Apr 1805 Yusuf Zitaüddin Pasha (1st Time) ....... 17..-1819
24 Apr 1805 - 14 Nov 1806 Hafiz Ismail Pasha ..................... 1758-1807
14 Nov 1806 - 18 Jun 1807 Hilmi Ibrahim Pasha .................... 1747-1817
18 Jun 1808 - 28 Jul 1808 Çelebi Mustafa Pasha ................... 17..-1810
28 Jul - 15 Nov 1808 Alemdar Musrafa Pasha .................. 1775-1808
15 Nov 1808 - 01 Jan 1809 Menis Pasha ............................ 17..-1809
01 Jan 1809 - 10 Apr 1811 Yusuf Ziyadüddin Pasha (2nd Time)
10 Apr 1811 - 05 Sep 1812 Laz Ahmad Pasha ........................ 17..-1819
05 Sep 1812 - 01 Apr 1815 Hursid Ahmed Pasha ..................... 17..-1812
01 Apr 1815 - 05 Jan 1818 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1st Time) ...... 1780-1859
05 Jan 1818 - 05 Jan 1820 Dervis Mehmed Pasha .................... 1765-1837
05 Jan 1820 - 26 Mar 1821 Seyyid Ali Pasha ....................... 1756-1826
28 Mar - 30 Apr 1821 Benderli Ali Pasha ..................... 17..-1821
30 Apr 1821 - 10 Nov 1822 Haci Salih Pasha ....................... 17..-1823
10 Nov 1822 - 10 Mar 1823 Hamdullah Abdullah Pasha ............... 17..-1823
10 Mar - 13 Dec 1823 Silahdar Ali Pasha ..................... 17..-1829
13 Dec 1823 - 14 Sep 1824 Mehmed Said Galip Pasha ................ 1763-1829
14 Sep 1824 - 24 Oct 1828 Benderli Selim Sirri Pasha ............. 1771-1831
24 Oct 1828 - 28 Jan 1829 Izzet Mehmet Pasha (1st Time)
28 Jan 1829 - 18 Feb 1833 Resid Mehmed Pasha ..................... 1780-1836
18 Feb 1833 - 02 Jul 1839 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (2nd Time)
02 Jul 1839 - 08 Jun 1840 Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha .................... 1769-1855
08 Jun 1840 - 04 Dec 1841 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (3rd Time)
04 Dec 1841 - 30 Aug 1842 Izzet Mehmet Pasha (2nd Time)
30 Aug 1842 - 28 Sep 1846 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (4th Time)
28 Sep 1846 - 29 Apr 1848 Mustafa Resid Pasha (1st Time) ......... 1800-1858
29 Apr - 12 Aug 1848 Ibrahim Sarim Pasha .................... 1801-1853
12 Aug 1848 - 26 Jan 1852 Mustafa Resid Pasha (2nd Time)
26 Jan - 05 Mar 1852 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (5th Time)
05 Mar - 06 Aug 1852 Mustafa Resid Pasha (3rd Time)
06 Aug - 03 Oct 1852 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (1st Time) ....... 1815-1871
03 Oct 1852 - 14 May 1853 Damad Mehmed Ali Pasha ................. 1813-1868
14 May 1853 - 29 May 1854 Mustafa Naili Pasha (1st Time) ......... 1798-1871
29 May - 23 Nov 1854 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (1st Time) ....... 1813-1865
23 Nov 1854 - 02 May 1855 Mustafa Resid Pasha (4th Time)
02 May 1855 - 01 Nov 1856 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (2nd Time)
01 Nov 1856 - 06 Aug 1857 Mustafa Resid Pasha (5th Time)
06 Aug - 22 Oct 1857 Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd Time)
22 Oct 1857 - 07 Jan 1858 Mustafa Resid Pasha (6th Time)
07 Jan 1858 - 18 Oct 1859 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (3rd Time)
18 Oct - 24 Dec 1859 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (2nd Time)
24 Dec 1859 - 28 May 1860 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (1st Time) . 1811-1882
28 May 1860 - 06 Aug 1861 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (3rd Time)
06 Aug - 22 Nov 1861 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (4th Time)
22 Nov 1861 - 05 Jan 1863 Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1st Time) 1815-1869
05 Jan - 01 Jul 1863 Yusuf Kamil Pasha ...................... 1808-1876
01 Jul 1863 - 05 Jun 1866 Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha (2nd Time)
05 Jun 1866 - 11 Feb 1867 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (2nd Time)
11 Feb 1867 - 07 Sep 1871 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (5th Time)
07 Sep 1871 - 31 Jul 1872 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1st Time) .......... 1818-1883
01 Aug - 19 Oct 1872 Midhat Pasha (1st Time) ................ 1822-1884
19 Oct 1872 - 15 Mar 1873 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (3rd Time)
15 Mar - 15 Apr 1873 Mehmed Esad Pasha (1st Time) ........... 1828-1875
15 Apr 1873 - 15 Feb 1874 Sirvanizade Mehmed Rüstü Pasha ......... 1828-1874
15 Feb 1874 - 26 Apr 1875 Hüseyin Avni Pasha ..................... 1820-1876
26 Apr - 12 May 1875 Mehmed Esad Pasha (2nd Time)
26 Aug 1875 - 12 May 1876 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (2nd Time)
12 May - 19 Dec 1876 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (4th Time)
19 Dec 1876 - 05 Feb 1877 Midhat Pasha (2nd Time)
05 Feb 1877 - 11 Jan 1878 Tunuslu Ibrahim Edhem Pasha ............ 1818-1893
Chief Ministers
11 Jan - 04 Feb 1878 Ahmed Hamdi Pasha ...................... 1826-1885
04 Feb - 18 Apr 1878 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1st Time) ........... 1823-1891
18 Apr - 28 May 1878 Mehmed Sadik Pasha ..................... 1825-1901
28 May - 04 Jun 1878 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (5th Time)
04 Jun - 04 Dec 1878 Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha ............... 1814-1883
04 Dec 1878 - 29 Jul 1879 Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha ................ 1821-1890
29 Jul - 18 Oct 1879 Ahmet Arifi Pasha ...................... 1830-1895
18 Oct 1879 - 09 Jun 1880 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1st Time) ..... 1838-1914
09 Jun - 12 Sep 1880 Mehmed Kadri Pasha ..................... 1832-1884
12 Sep 1880 - 02 May 1882 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd Time)
02 May - 12 Jul 1882 Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha ............. 1833-1912
12 Jul - 01 Dec 1882 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd Time)
01 Dec - 31 Dec 1882 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (2nd Time)
Grand Viziers
01 Jan 1883 - 25 Sep 1885 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (4th Time)
25 Sep 1885 - 04 Sep 1891 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (1st Time) . 1832-1913
04 Sep 1891 - 08 Jun 1895 Ahmed Cevad Pasha ...................... 1851-1900
08 Jun - 02 Oct 1895 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (5th Time)
02 Oct - 07 Nov 1895 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (2nd Time)
07 Nov 1895 - 09 Nov 1901 Halil Rifat Pasha ...................... 1820-1901
09 Nov 1901 - 14 Jan 1903 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd Time)
14 Jan 1903 - 22 Jul 1908 Mehmed Ferid Pasha ..................... 1852-1914
22 Jul - 05 Aug 1908 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (6th Time)
05 Aug 1908 - 14 Feb 1909 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (3rd Time)
14 Feb - 14 Apr 1909 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1st Time) ......... 1855-1922
14 Apr - 05 May 1909 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1st Time) .......... 1845-1936
05 May 1909 - 12 Jan 1910 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (2nd Time)
12 Jan 1910 - 30 Sep 1911 Ibrahim Hakki Pasha .................... 1863-1918
30 Sep 1911 - 22 Jul 1912 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (7th Time)
22 Jul - 29 Oct 1912 Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha ................ 1839-1918
29 Oct 1912 - 23 Jan 1913 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha (4th Time)
23 Jan - 11 Jun 1913 Mahmud Sevket Pasha .................... 1856-1913
11 Jun 1913 - 04 Feb 1917 Said Halim Pasha ....................... 1865-1921
04 Feb 1917 - 14 Oct 1918 Mehmed Talat Pasha ..................... 1874-1921
14 Oct - 11 Nov 1918 Ahmed Izzet Pasha ...................... 1864-1937
11 Nov 1918 - 04 Mar 1919 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (2nd Time)
04 Mar - 02 Oct 1919 Damad Adil Ferid Pasha (1st Time) ...... 1854-1923
02 Oct 1919 - 08 Mar 1920 Ali Riza Pasha ......................... 1859-1932
08 Mar - 05 Apr 1920 Hulusi Salih Pasha ..................... 1864-1939
05 Apr - 21 Oct 1920 Damad Adil Ferid Pasha (2nd Time)
21 Oct 1920 - 31 Oct 1922 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (3rd Time)
Note: The title of Sultan (meaning "authority" in Arabic) was only used to
refer to the ruler in western sources. Within the empire the "Sultan" refered to
the entire imperial family and in particular to male members who used it as
a style before their given names. The Ottoman ruler used the style Padishah
(Persian for Master-King), which is normally translated as "Emperor" in English.
The English name "Ottoman Empire" is an Anglicisation of the Greek Othoman,
which is derived from the Arabic name Uthman. In Turkish the name Uthman is
translated as Osman or Usman. The state was named after Osman I who founded
the empire. In Ottoman Turkish the empire was called Osmanli Develt (Osman State).